The Lottery Short Story Essay - 989 Words

The Lottery is a short story written by Shirley Jackson published in the New Yorker in 1948. The setting takes place in a small town in America made up of about 300 residents on a beautiful sunny June day. The main characters in the lottery are Tess Hutchinson a housewife, Mr. Summers the town leader who officiates the lottery and Bill Hutchinson. Tessas husband. Some supporting characters are Miss Delacroix, Tessas friend Mr. Graves and Davey Hutchison, Tess and Bills young son. The plot of the lottery is that every year the people of this town come together to hold a lottery but its not a lottery for money or things like that. The lottery consists of each family in the town having to drawl from a black wooden box filled with blank†¦show more content†¦Tess Hutchison ends up having the slip with the black dot and at this moment the climax begins. All of the villagers and people of the town start to pick up stones and a towns member even gives Davey Hutchison a stone and the y all begin to stone Tess to death while she is screaming how this isnt fair and how it isnt right but the townsfolk continue to stone her to death regardless of her scream. The lottery is actually one of my favorite short stories. I read it when I was in junior high and Ive seen a few short movies on the lottery as well and although there are more questions than answers, I believe that there are multiple meanings to the lottery. My first thought is its a story about conformity and how sometimes we do things in society that are not right but because everyone else is doing them or because its tradition we continue to do things even though we know they are morally or ethically wrong. Ill take for example something like discrimination and segregation in the United States Jim Crow laws were totally acceptable and they were even encouraged and mandated in many parts of United States and a lot of people went along because they didnt know any better and it was tradition and it was what their mother did and their father did and the grandparents did and how they treated other people who are different from them so they just assume that this is just the way that th ings have to be when it comes to traditions they can beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparison of Jacksons Short Story The Lottery to the Film 602 Words   |  3 Pagesmay have. In Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery†, a sacrifice of one’s life becomes the â€Å"jackpot† of an annual event held in a small town. This society’s traditions have caused the people to do away with their rational thoughts and the values of their lives as they have become so stuck in their own cultural beliefs. In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery†, Jackson’s use of symbols reveals a twisting plot that isn’t recognizable until nearly at the end of the story. Her use of third person pointRead MoreEssay on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: an Analysis1522 Words   |  7 PagesKouyialis EN102: Composition II Professor Eklund The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: An Analysis The short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson was written in 1948 and takes place in a small town, on the 27th of June. In this story, the lottery occurs every year, around the summer solstice. All families gather together to draw slips of paper from a black box. When reading this story, it is unclear the full premise of the lottery until near the end. The heads of households are the firstRead MoreUse of Symbols in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson981 Words   |  4 PagesMany great authors use symbolism numerous of time in their stories. A symbol is a noun or word that represents a different idea. An author displays the symbols as a hit rather than blurting it out. Symbols are not only used in novels or poems, they are also used in everyday use. For an example, the American flag has fifty stars on it which each star represents a state. On the other hand, the thirteen stripes plays the part of our thirteen colonies; the beginning of our country. Even with our h ighRead More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery 946 Words   |  4 PagesJackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraft or not, but it ended up helping her write her stories http://www.literarytraveler.com/literary_articles/shirley_jackson_bennington.aspx). A major story that throws people for a loop is â€Å"The Lottery†. This was Jackson’s first short story and many peopleRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson And A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner960 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner The use of symbolism is used in literature to enhance writing and add meaning to a story, this is evident in the two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. With the authors use of symbolism Jackson and Faulkner are able to add depth to their writing in a way that connects with the readers. By adding symbolism to the short stories the authors manageRead MoreThe Use of Selective Exposition in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson1315 Words   |  6 PagesA typical story is littered with details, explaining the history of the world the story takes place in, who the characters in the story are, all the while remaining correlated to the plot and subplots that drive the story forward. The story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson however does not follow these conditions, as the reader is left to interpret a majority of the story on their own as it progresses. Jackson is not the only writer to incorporate a style of selective exposition in their work; RaymondRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson. 1. Focus/Thesis For Your885 Words   |  4 Pages THE LOTTERY by Shirley Jackson 1. Focus/thesis for your essay on the story you are researching The traditions and the rituals of the lottery authored by Shirley Jackson seems to be just as old as the town itself, more so since most residents don’t actually recall any of the old rituals, ven the Old Man Warner, who celebrates his 77th lottery. This implies that they are archaic in some ways and they are rooted in the traditions and superstitions that seem to include the crops and the human sacrificeRead MoreFiction Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesFormat Compare and Contrast Short Story Fiction Essay Jessica Jack Liberty University English 102-B43 Outline for Compare and Contrast Essay Thesis: â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence and â€Å"The Lottery†, by Shirley Jackson provide two contrasting uses of Setting in a short story which accentuate the importance of the element in a story. One author has the ability to distract the reader, while the other author creates the structure of the story. 1. Introduction a. ARead MoreComparing and Contrasting Young Goodman Brown and the Lottery925 Words   |  4 PagesComparing and Contrasting â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Lottery† By: Wayne Gillard II Professor C. Givens ENGL 102-B19 Wayne Gillard Prof. Givens ENGL 102-B19 Essay 1 Outline Thesis: The literary works of â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† both appear to show the fallibleness of human behavior and judgment. I. Introduction/Statement of Thesis II. Themes and Author’s Purpose a. The Lottery i. The hazards of following tradition or living according toRead MoreCharacterization Of The Lottery, And The Rocking Horse Winner Essay952 Words   |  4 Pages 1 Running head: CHARACTERIZATION OF STORIES Characterization in â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† CHARACTERIZATION OF STORIES 2 Thesis Statement The essay is based upon,†The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† written by D.H

Book Review on the Third Side by William Ury Free Essays

Book Review of â€Å"The Third Side: Why We Fight and How We Can Stop â€Å"by William Ury Reviewed By: Syed Shahzad Ali Class: M. Phil ( DPA) Review Submitted to: Dr. Anila Amber Dated: 17th October 2012 Book Review of â€Å"The Third Side: Why We Fight and How We Can Stop â€Å"by William Ury This is a state-of-the-art book on conflict management and negotiation by well known negotiator and mediator William L. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Review on the Third Side by William Ury or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ury, an American National, who is world’s leading negotiation expert, he has mediated situations ranging from corporate arena to wildcat strikes, and from family disputes to ethnic wars in the Middle East, the Balkans, N. Ireland and many other places. He has also worked on the problem of how to prevent nuclear war as a consultant to The White House Crises Management Center. He received his B. A from Yale and his Ph. D. in social anthropology from Harvard University. The structure of paperback â€Å"The Third Side† is concerned, it’s 251 pager light weight with blue cover page book which is easy to carry and read any where even in a train or bus while travelling or in coffee shop or at bed time, the font of Times New Roman has been used in the book with Bold heading ; text of book is justified. It facilitates the all state of affairs and human situations whether they belong from corporate arena to management ; labor disputes and from family crises to negotiation or peace talks between two warring countries i. e. its transforming conflict at home, at work and in the world in to Peace. This book has been written ; published in USA by Penguin Books. The title of the book is quite attractive and self explanatory for the affairs of conflict and its resolution i. e. â€Å"The Third Side † . The cover page content, color and logo again, portray the whole theme of paperback, its xplanatory subtitle on cover page of â€Å"Why We Fight And How We Can Stop† and In logo two human have been depicted in front and the word Third has been placed in between, in which the Alphabet â€Å"I† has been presented as Human which for surely complement the main Title of Book. The Purpose of book is to diminish the possibilities of conflict and change the culture of conflict with in our families, our workplaces or organizations, our communities, and most importantly within our world. The idea of paperback is to explore the reasons we are in conflict and sets forward a roadmap to resolution. The author has given ten roles convincing manner for the prevention (Provider, Teacher, Bridge-builder), containment of conflicts(Mediator, Arbiter, Equalizer, Healer) and its resolution(Witness, Referee, Peacekeeper). These ten practical roles described as managers, teachers, parents, and citizens–that each of us can play every day to prevent destructive conflict, but much detailed has not been given about which sort of personalities can adopt to which role/s or Can anyone play the all roles simultaneously? And in our Pakistani society where we have limitations to interfere into the other affairs as third side by using all ten roles cannot be possible to play by one individual. Apart from mediation, all roles lack in to tell someone that how one can develop the qualities to perform such roles and how you can do it? As far as his methodology is concerned so it’s quite simplified but more hypotheses can be created region wise graphical representation but book lacks in it for instance author can segregate the chapters region wise that how one conflict resolves in one society i. . in east or west etc and variation in conflicts level in different societies or cultures. Much of examples are from his personal cases or experiences which have been discussed over again and again throughout the book but case studies from some other references can be included to prove his point of view which must give his work more authentication. Author is an anthropologist that’s why he has given to o much depth in first too chapter where he specifies about the history of human being and its evolution, culture development, population growth on earth , agriculture istory, industrial Knowledge revolution, Development of weapons wars etc, which some time distract the reader ‘s attention from its main theme of conflict management. Tone ; Expression of author was strong in beginning but it has become soften when third segment of book started from How can we stop? And at the end again tone ; expression of author found strong. Ideology of an author is ideal which might be varied from culture to culture ; Society to Society. Argument presented in the paperback with lot of enthusiasm ; conviction, one should appreciate it as well. Grip on content were sufficient within a single part of book and linkages among thr paragraphs were better but among the three parts it bit distracted as first part of book was bit lengthy ; over detailed and reader may lost the direction if he is not reading it in a one sitting. Conclusion has been depicted in a very persuasive ; suggestive manner which left the profound impression on the reader mind about the third side ; Conflict Management. It’s a significant contribution by William Ury to the domain of conflict Management. It’s not only give the new meaning to manage the relationships while dealing with difficult people which is need of today’s world specially for the society of Pakistan, but also it is equally instructive for the students of social sciences or psychology. One should read it once in his/her life whether one is professional or not or student of conflict management, to create a better understanding about the third side ; conflict resolution. It is the prime need of our society in Pakistan to include this special gift on Conflict resolution to make it the part of our educational curriculum. How to cite Book Review on the Third Side by William Ury, Essay examples

Review On Art History And Visual Studies In Europe

Question: Describe about the Art History and Visual Studies In Europe? Answer: Jumping In Front Of My Window- Allan Rohan Crite It is a painting by Allan Rohan Crite. He was a painter who liked to recreate stories through the paintings. He was a painter at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. He made the painting in 1930 and revised the painting ten years later. He used to paint about the lives of the people of the 1930s and made recordings of the streets of the city. He was one of the renowned African- American artists who died in the year 2007. Today most of these streets are not found and they have vanished and the only sources of information are the drawings that he had made. He made the painting with a idea in the mind. He wanted to show the black people as ordinary people, their lives, happiness and sorrows. He used to look out of the window of the Northampton Street towards the Columbus Avenue African Methodist Episcopal Church in the Dilworth Street. According to him it was an important phase of his life. He thinks like that as much of the works of life are created in this place. Thus was a memory for t he painter as most of the streets have vanished from the city (Boston.com, 2015). In this picture a sense of affection of the neighborhood comes out. It is seen that the three women are dressed fashionably in the picture ready to enjoy the summer days. In the middle of the painting it is seen that a boy has a tire in his hand and there are several boys who are lined to play a game called tire jumping. The painter has realized the fact that he was much of a story teller (James et al, 2012). It was seen that the picture has shades of matte colours like yellow and red. This shows the actual color of bri9cks and the condition of the building shows that bricks were naked and not cemented, highlighting the culture of that time. The streets are in dull grey and the pavements are broken revealing the red bricks. Moreover it was seen that a paper was lying on the street and revealing the status of the people. they are not concerned with the cleanliness of the streets and the children are enjoying amidst that only. It can be said from the painting that he tried to highlight the lives of the African in America and the condition of the lives of the people. People of Africa in the earlier times in America were not treated well by the people, they were considered as slaves at that time. More over it is seen that that the children played with tyres which can be deduced that the standard of the people were not as high compared to the white people of America. It needs to be understood that the children of that time played with tyres and found it to be recreational compared to the whites who played in the parks. Playing on the streets was a common fashion among the children of the African American community (Rampley, 2012). In the painting it is seen that the children are playing and that are witnessed by the passersby. The painting depicts the summer evenings where the people are drawn to the streets by the heat that they experience inside the houses. It was clear from the painting that the painter tried to depict the comparatively rich African American community in America at that time. It was seen that the children are not concerned with the way they dress and some are wearing only the lower parts that is the pants. While some of them are wearing clothes that are smaller than their size and it is revealing their body. Crite has rendered more carefully the yellow bricks in the painting and curved turrets in the street which depict the part which ha s gone significant changes as well as shifts in the economy in the middle of the twenty first century, in Boston (Lasky, Kathryn, and Nneka Bennett, 2012) Initially the painting was made in the year 1935 to 1936 and later a rework was done in 1947. Much later in the year 1977 it was printed in color, he showed a self portrait where he was seen as a young man painting the identical scene. It needs to be seen that the children in the nineteenth century were not sent to school as they in the initial years of their lives. They were sent to school at later stages in their lives. More over it was seen that the black children were not allowed to go to the same school as the white. It was seen that the black children at that time were devoid of the respect in the society as they were not allowed to have the luxuries of the life of the children of the white people (Carl, 1999). It can be seen from the picture that the condition of the neighborhood is not elegant and looks shabby. There are broken pavements and the roads are also broken. The clothes of the women though are nice and well fashioned but the children playing on the street are wearing not so good clothes. From this we can come to know about the lives of the people in that period. It was seen in the paintings of the painter that he depicted the lives of the Afro-American people of the 1930s and the 1940s (Smith, 1978). It was seen that painting that Crite has tried to depict his affection for the rich African- American society. At that time as depicted in the picture that the people went onto the streets to recreate themselves. Even elderly women went out in the streets to enjoy the fine weather and beat the heat of the summer. It was seen that the painter continuously painted the scenes of the street and the lives of the people on the streets. In the picture the painter had depicted the corner of Northampton and the Dilworth Street in the south end of Boston. It was the place where the painter had grew up from his childhood (Tamboukou, 2010). Thus it can be said that the painter had a soft corner for the street and the people who roamed on the streets and specially the children who played with the tyres on the street and this reminded of the painter of his childhood. The painter used to draw what he used to see outside from the window. It can be said in the end that the painting narrates the story of the lives of the African American society in the earlier days that is in the 1930 and the 1940s (Williams, 2010). it is very close to the painter as he grew up in one of these streets and it reminded him of the lives of the people and the children of that time who used to pass their time in the evenings by playing with tyres which was so different from the way the white American children used to play. The life style of the African- American community people in that time were portrayed by the painter in his paintings. According to the painter, he was more of a story teller, he used to tell the stories of the people of the community through the paintings that he painted while at his days in the Museum Of Fine Arts in Boston. He was renowned painter and contributed to the valuable paintings of the lives of the people in the 1930s of the African-American community from where people are able to get a clear picture of the li fe of the people. References Deuker, Carl. Painting The Black. 1999. Print. Joyce, James et al. Finnegans Wake. 2012. Print. Lasky, Kathryn, and Nneka Bennett. Vision Of Beauty. Somerville, Mass.: Candlewick Press, 2012. Print. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,. 'Tire Jumping In Front Of My Window'. N.p., 2015. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. Rampley, Matthew. Art History And Visual Studies In Europe. Leiden: Brill, 2012. Print. Smith, Morton. Jesus The Magician. New York: Harper and Row, 1978. Print. Tamboukou, Maria. Nomadic Narratives, Visual Forces. New York: Peter Lang, 2010. Print. Williams, Meg Harris. Art And Analysis: An Adrian Stokes Reade. 2010. Print.

The Impact of a Fitness Intervention on People with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities

In this article, Barbara Wilhite, Gregory Biren, and Leslie Spencer (2012) examine the impact of a fitness intervention on people with developmental and intellectual disabilities. This intervention is described as a recreational activity. The authors pay attention to the experiences of caregivers during their participation in this program.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Impact of a Fitness Intervention on People with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The scholars rely on such a method as the semi-structured interview. Yet, one can also speak about the use of surveys containing multiple choice questions (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 253). The results of this study indicate that the participants were able to derive such benefits as lower level of stress, improved muscle tone, or decreased weight (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 257). More importantly, the participants learned to interact with people who might not be closely familiar to them (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 260). This is one of the issues that should be singled out. Apart from that, one should speak about caregivers such as the relatives of people with disabilities. These people have to struggle with increased levels of stress (Wilhite et al., 2012). In turn, the participation of this program can help them cope with this problem. The authors acknowledge the limitations of their study. In particular, they mention that it did not have a comparison or control group (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 263). Nevertheless, they believe that physical activity can be a good recreational opportunity for people with disabilities. These are the main issues that the scholars discuss in this research article. This article can be useful for discussing the topic of this paper. First of all, the scholars show that one should consider the needs of people with disabilities and their caregivers since these individuals close ly interact with one another. In many cases, caregivers require some respite in order to cope with their duties more effectively. This is one of the issues that should be considered. Furthermore, it is vital to take into account the health risks to which people with disabilities can be exposed. As a rule, they represent a physically inactive group. One should pay attention to such characteristics of a person as cardiovascular endurance or muscular strength (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 250). This information is important for the development of physical exercises that can best suit the needs of these individuals. Additionally, recreational activities of people with disabilities should help them socialize with others. In many cases, they do not have opportunities to communicate with others, and this problem should be addressed.Advertising Looking for article on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from that, peopl e, who organize recreational programs, should emphasize the need for physical activities. To a great extent, medical workers need to raise the awareness of these people about the benefits of a healthy lifestyle. During recreational programs, one should focus on the dietary habits of people with disabilities since very often they cannot choose the food which is most beneficial for them. These are the main aspects that can be distinguished. On the whole, one can argue that this article can throw light on the organization of recreational activities for people who have a disability. The authors show what characteristics should be considered by medical workers and caregivers. This article demonstrates that recreational activities have to serve multiple purposes such as socialization, respite, and adoption of healthy lifestyles. This is the main point that can be made. Reference List Wilhite, B., Biren, G., Spencer, L. (2012). Fitness intervention for adults with developmental disabiliti es and their caregivers. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 46(4), 245-267. This article on The Impact of a Fitness Intervention on People with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities was written and submitted by user Aydan B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay Example

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay Example Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay If the instrument is classified as debt, the annual payments are classified as interest expense, which reduces earnings, and the redemption premium is corded as a loss on retirement, also reducing earnings. (If the $6,000 excess of retirement price over par were contracted in advance, it would be accrued over the life of the liability). If the financial instrument were equity, both items would reduce retained earnings directly, by-passing earnings. 5. Retractable preferred shares are preferred shares that must be paid back with cash at a specific time, or paid in cash at the option of the shareholder. Because the agreement to pay out the redemption price is legally enforceable, such shares are classified as debt. 6. The principal of convertible debt is classified as equity if it is mandatory convertible into a fixed number of shares. The portion related to annual interest is an unavoidable cash obligation of the company and must be classified as a liability. Thus, the security is compound financial instrument. If the convertible debt is convertible at the investors option, the initial proceeds are divided between the debt element (both principal and interest) and the equity element, the conversion option. 7. If a convertible bond has a conversion price that is set in reference to the air market value of shares on the conversion date, then the bond is classified entirely as debt. No (price) risk or reward is transferred to the investor and therefore there is no equity element. 8. When a convertible bond is converted, the common share conversion option account is transferred into the common stock account. If the bond is not converted, this account is still left in equity, but transferred to a different contributed capital account. 9. Interest expense, $76,400 x . 08 = $6,112 Annual payment, $400,000 x . 08 = $32,000 10. : Stock options provide the holder with an option to acquire a specified umber of shares in a corporation under prescribed conditions and within a stated future time period. Options that are issued as an attachment to other securities are called stock warrants. Warrants may trade separately while options do not. Options often have a limited life while warrants often have no expiry date. 1 1 . A share-based payment to a supplier is measured based on the fair value of the goods or services rendered. In the rare circumstances that these cannot be valued, then the fair value of the rights is used to measure the transaction. 12. If stock rights are recognized on issuance, the stock rights account is rendered into the common stock account on exercise and into a different contributed capital account if options are allowed to lapse. This is identical to the treatment given to the common share conversion option account for convertible bonds. 13. A share-based compensation contract would result in recognition of an equity account if the contract is share-settled, or required issuance of shares. The contract would result in recognition of a liability element if the contract was cash-settled, meaning that compensation is required to be paid in cash. An equity-settled plan is trued up only to the retention rate; he fair value is estimated on initial grant date and is not adjusted to the value that employees receive. 17. A Sara program involves a payment to the employee at the settlement date. The value paid is equal to the fair value of the shares on the payment date, less some reference price, which is usually the fair value of the shares when the Sara were granted. That is, the employee receives a payment (cash or shares) equal to the appreciation in stock price over the life of the Sara. 18. A derivative is an exchange contract meant to transfer risk. It is a secondary financial instrument whose value is linked to a primary financial instrument, an index, or a commodity. Derivatives are options, futures or forward contracts, or a combination of these. Derivatives embody an exchange of financial instruments at fixed terms. A hedge is a way to offset risk to which the company would otherwise be exposed. For an item to be a hedge, the company must first have risk in an area, and then put a hedge in place to counter the risk. That is, a loss on a primary instrument will offset a gain on a hedge instrument. 9. The company could hedge against the risk of exchange fluctuations by entering into a forward exchange contract with a bank to deliver US dollars. The price to be paid would be set by the terms of the contract, and would not fluctuate. The contract would be recorded at cost, and revalued to fair market value annually. Changes in market value of BOTH the transaction balance and the hedge would be reported as gains/losses in earning s and offset. 20. Disclosure for financial instruments is required in the following general categories [per text listing]: 1 . The important components of each financial statement category; e. G. , various loans. 2. Information related to fair value for liabilities. Methods used to assess fair value must be explained. When a financial instrument has been valued at fair value, detail about the change in fair value is required. 3. Information related to the legal terms of the financial instrument, including maturity dates, interest rates, collateral, etc. 4. Various revenue and expense amounts and OIC reserve amounts must be disclosed separately, including interest expense, changes in equity reserve accounts, etc. . Information on exposure to various sources Of risk, as appropriate. Risks might include credit, risk, liquidity risk and market risk. Objectives, policies, and processes or managing risk must be disclosed. Such disclosure is extensive, and includes both qualitative and quantitative elements. 6. Accounting policy information is required as a matter of course for all financial statement elements. Ext ensive disclosure is required to describe the terms of the financial instrument. 15-AI to 15-AAA Financial restructuring; material posted on Connect. 1 . A financial restructuring happens when a company that is in legal violation of debt agreements is financially reorganized and allowed to continue operating, rather than be placed in receivership or bankruptcy. Restructuring an involve a financial reorganization (substantial realignment of debt and equity) or a troubled debt restructuring (lenders settle for less). 2. Financial restructuring may be bound by the following principles or rules, although there are no explicit standards in Canada: a. Accounting entries must reflect the terms of the agreements made by debt and equity holders. . Conversions of debt to equity are made at book value. C. Debt forgiveness is recognized as a gain in earnings. 3. The debt and the assets would be removed from the books. A $1 50,000 gain on asset disposal and a $200,000 gain on debt restructure would be agonized to balance the entry. 4. In a comprehensive revaluation, all assets and liabilities are revalued to fair value, whether fair value is highe r or lower than book value. Retained earnings (if any) are reclassified; any debit balance of retained earnings is eliminated by reducing other equity accounts. Gains and losses go directly to retained earnings and by-pass earnings. Cases Case 15-1 Zebu Limited Overview Zebu Limited is a subsidiary of Holdings Limited, and complies with FIRS. The company has several transactions to complete for XX, and several financing options to consider for XX. The company must com ply with a current ratio and a total liabilities to tangible net worth ratio, as part of existing loan arrangements. There may be pressure to adopt accounting policies to achieve compliance; ethical behavior is important. Issues . Required adjustments 2. Statement of changes in equity 3. Covenant evaluation 4. Financing alternatives 5. Action re: covenant issues Analysis and conclusion 1. Required adjustments Retirement and conversion of the preferred shares and all stock option transactions are journalized in Exhibit 1 and revised draft SSP accounts are shown in Exhibit 2. These transactions are straight-forward and no reporting alternatives are available. The Zebu statement of changes in equity, in multi-column form, is shown in Exhibit 3. It is assumed that no dividends were declared during the year; if there were dividends, the earnings amount changes. Changes in retained earnings and accumulated OIC were entirely assumed to relate to comprehensive income for XX. Based on the xx revised financial statements in exhibit 2, the covenants are as follows: Covenant Limit Calculation (per exhibit 2) Rest It Current assets to current liabilities Not less than 0. 82 Total liabilities to tangible net worth Not greater than 1. 5:1 ($28,589 $5,500) 1 . 61 Zebu is out of line with the current ratio covenant, since 0. 82 is less than 1. They are also out of line on the total liabilities covenant, since 1 . 61 is greater than 1. 5. This situation must be addressed. Possible actions are explored in item 5, below. 4. Financing alternatives. The two financing alternatives are identical in terms of capital raised, term, and security. The alternatives are different in the following ways: 1 Alternative 1 has an interest cost of 4% while alternative 2 has an interest cost f 6%. This is a difference of SSL O million x 2% = $200,000 annually for ten year; assuming a tax rate of 40%, this is $1 20,000 of after-tax savings per year. 2. Alternative 1 allows the company to substitute shares for principal at maturity, eliminating $10 million of principal repayment at maturity if the company wishes. However, it also dilutes ownership, if this is an issue for existing shareholders. 3. Alternative 1 sets a share price of $20 per share for shares issued at maturity ($10 million/500,OHO shares). Based on the outstanding options, the companys share price seems to be in the range of 20; $30 options were allowed to lapse and new options were issued for $20. Therefore, the $20 used as a reference price in Alternative 1 seems to set the terms of the debt arrangement at current market prices. This must be attractive to investors, since the interest rate on Alternative 1 is lower than that for Alternative 2; Alternative 2 does not set a share price for conversion. 4. Alternative 1 would be accounted for as partially debt and partially equity while Alternative 2, since the share price is undetermined, is all debt. Alternative 1 would be split as follows: $10,000 Interest liability $7,025 Issuance price $200 PDP) 2,975 Equity component A discount rate of 3% has been used, looking at Alternative 2 with no equity component and a 6% rate (3% 6%/2).

Aplastic Anemia Essays - Transplantation Medicine, Stem Cells

Aplastic Anemia Aplastic anemia is a disease of the bone marrow the organ that produces the body's blood cells. Approximately two thousand people in the U.S. are diagnosed each year with aplastic anemia. The symptoms of aplastic anemia are fatigue, bruising, infections, and weakness. Although these symptoms are much like those associated with leukemia, aplastic anemia is not a form of cancer. In patients with aplastic anemia the bone marrow stops producing, or produces too few red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Without sufficient red blood cells, oxygen cannot reach organs and tissues throughout the body. A decrease in the number of white blood cells causes the body's ability to fight infection as well as it should. Platelets are needed to help blood clot (Bone). Although the exact cause of aplastic anemia is not known, most evidence points to a combination of factors. The first factor is damaged stem cells. These are the primitive cells in the bone marrow that produce blood cells. Another factor is damage to the bone marrow environment in which blood cells develop (Aplastic). Other factors include abnormalities in the proteins that regulate blood cell production and a malfunctioning immune system that interferes with the normal blood cell production (Bone). Certain environmental factors have been associated with the development of aplastic anemia. Chemotherapy drugs such as busulfan or antibiotics such as chloraphenicol can cause temporary or prolonged aplastic anemia. Chemicals such as benzene and pesticides, infections such as viral hepatitis and mononucleosis, autoimmune disorders and ionizing radiation also have been linked to the development of aplastic anemia. Although exposure to these agents increases the risk of developing aplastic anemia, it is proven that they are not the sole cause of aplastic anemia (Aplastic). Aplastic anemia was once considered incurable. Today, more than fifty percent of patients diagnosed with aplastic anemia can be cured. For patients under the age of fifty and those over fifty that are in good health, the treatment of choice is a bone marrow transplant (National). However, more than half of the patients that are diagnosed are ineligible foe a bone marrow transplant because of age or the lack of a suitable bone marrow donor. For these patients, the preferred treatment is immunosuppressive therapy consisting of injections of antithymocyte globulin (ATG), with or without oral closporine. ATG therapy boosts the production of red blood cells, blood cells, and platelets in thirty to fifty percent of patients. In some cases, blood cell production returns to normal, while in others it returns to a level that allows the patient to have a normal lifestyle (Aplastic). Approximately ten to fifteen percent of patients who initially respond to ATG therapy have the disease relapse during the first twelve months following treatment. Another round of ATG therapy may be administered in an effort to bring blood cell production back to an acceptable level. Some patients who respond to ATG therapy eventually develop another bone marrow disorder such as myelogenous syndrome or acute nonmyelogenous leukemia. These disorders may be temporarily treatable, but are seldom curable. Overall, between thirty and forty percent of patients treated with ATG therapy become long term survivors and the majority of these long term survivors appear to be cured (Aplastic). Patients who have a relative with matching bone marrow have a seventy to ninety percent chance of being cured following a bone marrow transplant. Patients transplanted with marrow from a related donor whose marrow type nearly matches the patient's have a fifty percent chance of being cured. If marrow from a matched unrelated donor is used, the likelihood of a cure is twenty to thirty percent (Bone). Physicians determine whether a donor's marrow type matches the patient's by examining genetic markers on the surface of white blood cells called HLA antigens. These are the antigens that help the body identify invading organisms, and trigger an immune system attack on any substances that do not belong in that particular person's body, such as viruses and bacteria (Severe). If the patient's and donor's HLA antigens do not match, the patient's body will perceive the donor's bone marrow as foreign material to be destroyed. This condition is called graft rejection and results in a failed bone marrow transplant.

Project managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project managment - Essay Example Assistant project manager shall be responsible for assisting the manager and completing tasks designated by him. To avoid redundancy of functions, project is aided through specialization of already existing functional divisions of organization. Limited number of employees shall be hired to form part of project team, providing technical expertise that is not available with in-house departments. General equipment, labor and material are provided by such units which in turn charge them off against project costing account. Contracts officer must be hired to manage all communications between project team and functional divisions, to convey project requirements to them and to establish contractual terms with customers. The subcontractor contributes to completion of project tasks that are primarily allocated to main contractor (Whelan & George, 80). Correspondence with them must be handled directly by the contracts officer. A common project office should be established to furnish subcontrac tors adequately and formal channels of communications shall be in place. A formal document, namely Statement of Work, shall be prepared, defining responsibilities of team members and subcontractor. The organizational support functions shall provide assistance in aspects of quality control, training needs of members and information technology. A master schedule shall be prepared that identifies the constraints, significant milestones and interdependence and linkages between project activities (Public Health Emergency, 2013). How this structure actually works in the given scenario? The hierarchy in a given case is irregular, with project manager leading the project followed by assistant project manager who chairs the steering committee. Managers, of those functional divisions whose resources are being absorbed in project activities, are members of the committee. Project manager manages all matters and communications directly with the subcontractor. However, assistant project manager i s responsible for handling matters related to prime contractors. A general project office has been established to provide supporting activities of the project, while an independent contracts officer is hired who coordinates and bridges the gaps between project team, functional divisions and the project customer. Moreover, he also ensures that concrete contractual arrangements are established for all services and duly signed agreements are created and documented. Can the project manager be from military background? Armed forces have highly formalized environment, with stringent deadlines and steadfast policies and procedures. Various projects are ongoing in military forces and soldiers holding influential positions are responsible for execution of these projects. As a result, some of them have strong and effective project management experience and skills which make veterans a natural fit for leading non-military projects as well. Advantages and disadvantages of this structure Advanta ges: Involvement of managers of functional division in steering committee is highly effective since their specialized knowledge and experience can come in handy for taking decisions pertaining to project. Presence of independent contracts officer shall ensure compliance with contractual obligations, efficient coordination and collaboration of efforts to achieve project goals.

Text analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Text analysis - Essay Example The argument by the author for this phenomenon is that there are immense psychosomatic implications that impact very much on the military officer or the law enforcement agent if it terminates the life of a fellow human being. This can be shown through the mental anguish that the military officer or the law enforcement agent suffers if they did so without the support of their superiors or peers, or if they are incapable of justifying their act of killing. In explaining his book, Grossman asks why there is little evidence of soldiers discussing of having killed a prisoner or combatants in war. In Grossman’s analysis of battleground fears, there is a revelation that even more than the fear of injury or death, the military personnel has a fear of being seen to have failed in their military obligations of combat. If the military officer kills in times of war, he will be burdened with guilt while if he fails to kill he is ashamed of his failures. The use of the term â€Å"Bulletpro of mind† as an imagery explores what the mind and soul of the soldiers presented in the book is during and after the combat or the war showing the dilemma facing such soldiers with regards to killing. The stresses of the deadly wars that would require the â€Å"Bulletproof† mind include negative impacts on the nervous system, breathing system, memory and visible and auditory functioning that soldiers must find ways of controlling in order to survive. The imagery Bulletproof is therefore simply an analysis of the entire physiological processes that is involved with the killing of a human being (Grossman, 43). The argument that is being brought out by the imagery of The Bulletproof mind is that majority of the people usually have that phobic level of response when it comes to the issue of violence. Therefore, there is need for soldiers to be trained on how to kill in order to have that mind set of performing the duties without fear. There are a lot of physical effects tha t are brought about by violence. These effects stresses on the humans such as changes in the sonic perception, tunnel vision and the post-traumatic stress disorder (Grossman, 56). The relevance of such information about the physiological aspect of the human body is to be able to bring out a clear picture of the stressful training that may end up affecting and bringing out a deadly threat to the human environment. Another aspect that is brought out in chapter three of the book is that of the mental attitude which is required by any warrior in order to fight. There is that perception of the level of stress inoculation that is required as well the importance of the training required. The argument that can be brought out in this section is that of the will of a person to do a certain job without having to be subjected to use lethal force. The determination that is aimed at performing the ultimate required act to the intended recipient to whom the force is addressed may in itself deter t he set actions. If a person is able to adapt the look of being steel eyed then just by the sight of the eyes the enemy may not attempt to test your wrath. In this case you become the weapon and everything else around you becomes a tool. The work of Grossman is an attempt to give a connection between the increasing violence

Emerson and Thoreau Transcendentalism Beliefs Essay Example for Free

Emerson and Thoreau Transcendentalism Beliefs Essay Both Emerson and Thoreau use the images of eyes, vision, and perception to properly demonstrate their transcendentalist beliefs. Transcendentalism is defined as the â€Å"idea that our spirits have a deep connection with nature and our ideas transcend to the natural world. † By using the â€Å"transparent eyeball† and other uses of perception of the whole in nature in their works, both authors establish a strong belief of perception through transcendentalism within the natural world. Their works have many parallels between them regarding perception and ultimately the use of eyes. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a very important author whose ideas were adopted and adapted almost immediately after his works came to light. First, in Emerson’s piece, Nature, he introduces the audience to an idea of a transparent eyeball. He states, â€Å"Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. † (1112). The most influential line in this quote is â€Å"all mean egotism vanishes. † This exemplifies the idea that it is not a personal experience in which he is undergoing; it is, in fact, a spiritual involvement with the natural world. By using the impression of an eyeball, it shows that he sees all and is part of nature as a whole. â€Å"The ruin or the blank †¦ is in our own eye. The axis of vision is not coincident with the axis of things, and so they appear not transparent but opaque. The reason why the world lacks unity is because man is disunited with himself. † (1133). While things in Nature should be seen as transparent, we view them as impervious, which affects our perception within. Emerson also states, â€Å"There is a property in the horizon which no man has but he whose eye can integrate all the parts, that is, the poet. † (1112). This quote shows the importance of seeing the natural world as one. Emerson also wrote a poem called â€Å"Each and All. † In this piece, his main theme is the idea of gratefulness in the natural world. He explains that every moment in nature is a whole. He states, â€Å"I thought the sparrows note from heaven, Singing at dawn on the alder bough; I brought him home in his nest at even;—He sings the song, but it pleases not now; For I did not bring home the river and sky; He sang to my ear; they sang to my eye. † (341). This part of the poem is momentous, because it explains that although the moment of hearing the sparrow sing is over, he has taken it in through the eye and now it is a memory as a whole. By using perception of the eye throughout his pieces, Emerson shows a vital key of knowledge in the transcendentalism ideals. Secondly, Henry David Thoreau had a major influence on the transcendentalist belief with his work called Walden. Walden Pond was a place in which Thoreau went for two years to build his house and wrote a narrative based on his learning and understanding of himself and nature during his time spent there. The depth of the Walden Pond was about 104 feet deep and it was blue with a tint of green. This pond was unique because of its clearness of the water, and the fact that it almost looked like the iris of an eyeball. Throughout his work, Thoreau used the pond as a metaphor of his existence in nature. By using the themes of economic, political, environmental, individualistic, and finally transcendental, Thoreau described an understanding of seeing all in nature. As he describes his surrounding, we get an idea of him becoming a â€Å"transparent eyeball. † Because Emerson was one of the most influential and important friendships in Thoreau’s career, he was heavily impacted by the idea of the â€Å"transparent eyeball†. By continuously describing his individualistic tendencies he learns while being on Walden Pond, it is evident that he is becoming a â€Å"transparent eyeball. † As we continue reading, Thoreau states, â€Å"I wanted to live deep and suck all the marrow of life. † (1920). By relating his life to the Walden Pond and its significant depth, he establishes a powerful awareness of perception in nature. His point of perception is also demonstrated by how Walden, is structured. He goes through each season making cycles for what he completes and the perception in which he completes it. In the idea of transcendentalism, the use of eyes and perception are very important because it creates a real life clarification as to what really matters. Becoming one in nature is a major element within the transcendentalism belief, and each author who believed this obviously put an emphasis on this metaphor. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau both had important transcendentalist ideas and contributed a great deal to other authors from then on. By allowing an eyeball and other uses of perception to explain all philosophy of transcendentalism, it simplifies the bigger meaning and allows readers to understand more effectively.

Sleeping With The Enemy Essay -- essays research papers

Sleeping With the Enemy Summary Oppression of women in our patriarchal society is seen daily. Men dominate women in so many ways it becomes hard to distinguish one form of oppression from another. In the movie Sleeping With the Enemy, a young woman battles daily with an abusive, domineering husband. Although the outside world may view Laura's life as perfect, the viewer sees the whole truth. Laura's perfect life consists of an attractive, wealthy husband who would do anything for her-even kill. They live in a beautiful mansion on the coast, and Laura does not have to work if she so chooses. Every day Laura is tortured and ridiculed and criticized by her husband. Her husband, Martin Burns, is obsessed about keeping the household in perfect condition. If one towel is out of line, one can out of order in the cupboard, or if dinner is slightly late, Laura receives a severe beating. The only way for Laura to escape from her tyrannical husband is by staging her own death. Laura takes her husband and neighbor out on a sailboat one stormy evening to execute her plan of escape. She "falls" off the boat and swims to shore. Her husband believes that Laura dies at sea because she could not swim. Secretly, though, Laura had been taking swimming lessons at the YWCA in order to facilitate her plan. After packing a small bag with some personal items and money, Laura Burns abandons her abusive husband and leaves her miserable life behind. Thus begins Laura Burns' new life as Sara Waters. She changes her name, location, situation, and is reborn. In Laura's new life, she works at a library and starts to date again. As Sara, she is able to enjoy life and be free. Sara rebuilds her self-esteem, is able to spend more time with her mother, and can relax without being afraid of whether the shelves in the kitchen will meet her husband's standards. The escape seemed foolproof, until Martin found a piece of evidence that proves Laura is still alive. (Laura had thrown her wedding ring in the toilet and Martin finally sees it.) After weeks of searching, Martin is able to hunt down his wife. He feels that if he cannot have her, then no one will. Sara does not want to return to the terrible oppressive lifestyle she was trapped in before. Instead of giving up her new life, she shoots the "intruder" in her house and puts an end to her husband's reign of terror over her.... ...common and rarely reported. Memories of these experiences often become suppressed because of the personal humiliation and shame women feel about the situation. Notice that, in the movie, Laura never seeks legal retribution for Martin's abuse, all she wants to do is escape. Sexual abuse and spousal abuse are psychologically devastating for women because these are acts that inflict feelings of guilt upon the victim. It is too often that a female rape victim will do nothing because she feels responsible. In the beginning of the movie, when Laura was subjected to daily abuse from her husband, she probably started to feel like she deserved the treatment because her husband constantly beat her down emotionally and made her feel like nothing. When someone is beaten down for long enough they start to believe that they are worthless. Finally, Laura escapes her oppressor forever when she kills him. Not all women are so fortunate to be able to start their lives over, though. Many women die from domestic violence, and most men do not suffer consequences for their actions. This movie shows the triumph of a woman over her oppressor because she goes to any length to gain her freedom and respect.

Fast Food Nation Essay

Of all non-profit organizations involved in the improvement of food handling, S. T. O. P or Safe Tables Our Priority deserved to be supported by the government as it had effectively acted as public health organization dedicated to preventing illness and death from food-borne pathogens. Since 1993, S. T. O. P had advocated changes in US public policy, widely educated and had done massive outreach, provided assistance to the victims of food-borne diseases, and implemented in-depth studies based on victims’ experience and listed them in the organizations’ registry so as for them to study the long-term consequences of food-borne disease. Historically, the organization was borne out of united anguish of parents of E. coli O157:H7 victims brought about the mishandling of foods by Jack in the Box hamburgers. Given its substantial numbers of victims, it has reached a nationwide attention of the public and the media. The group has presented itself with a clear mission of propagating food safety rules and regulations that would safeguard and inform the American populace on the seriousness of the illness. And since there was no existing organization as such, S. T. O. P. ’s membership had radically increased. Now everyone worries about the nutritional implications of excessive dining at fast-food restaurants and food safety issues. Moreover, their national visibility has soared as they were frequently contacted by media sources. Since then, new programs across the nation had run five different shows discussing meat, seafood, poultry, produce and even fruit juice safety guidelines for the sake of public education. Because of the mass media channel, food industry and legislative officials had taken action and highlighted the issue of food safety whereas before none had done at all. Through the media mileage S. T. O. P. ’s mission had a pivotal momentum as media had effectively assisted its advocacy and legislative efforts that had resulted to reform of food safety in the United States. Current food safety strategy followed by both the government and industry places far too much emphasis on consumer behavior. This over-emphasis on consumer education fosters the misleading impression that it is the consumers’ responsibility to make sure their food is safe, and if people get sick, it is their own fault. Furthermore, through their research they had found out that there were government agencies that lacked efficient communication when the said outbreak happened. They also found out that there were agencies of the government that are aware of the emerging food-borne pathogens however they lacked propagation of the knowledge nor do they have any comprehensive plan to resolve it. According to their study, the USDA (Department of Agriculture), the Congress and the media had failed to inspect these food products and aren’t aware of the massive growth in numbers of its victims. Moreover, S. T. O. P. had joined Safe Food Coalition, an organization with twelve consumer groups that advocated food safety. After several, extensive communication with USDA S. T. O. P. had became a catalyst for change as they were invited to join at policy making table and became a key player in assisting and promoting the launching of food handling inspection after ninety years. They endorsed microbial testing for animal fecal contamination like Salmonella and E. coli. They implored government agencies to reform their policies and address improved food handling. They implored that medical professional for humans and not just veterinarians to work at USDA. They implored for USDA to eradicate conflict of interest in view of the fact that both the marketing and the inspection of food handling is under the same department. In addition, the organization had promptly become the shelter of food-borne victims. They had received frequent telephone calls inquiring about the disease and S. T. O. P. had distributed packets of information from consumers to households. Members had helped try save victims and their families through anchoring various lectures for those struggling with the medical and emotional repercussions of the disease. Then in 2003, S. T. O. P. had launched a groundbreaking report entitled, â€Å"Why Are People Still Dying from Contaminated Food. † It reports the food safety challenges and their recommendations. They advocated that everyone should address the problem from the start of food handling fro instance by keeping pathogens out of the food supply. Also, they had distributed this information through mailings, newsletters and currently through E-alerts. These medium had discussed numerous food-borne diseases such as Pathogens 101, E. coli 0157:H7 bacteria, viruses like Hepatitis A and Norovirus among others, parasites from foods such as Cryptosporidium and others, other syndromes and conditions like Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), nvCJD (Mad Cow Disease) and reactive Arthritis/Reiter’s among others, numerous miscellaneous illnesses from digested metals, toxins, prions or wasting diseases and even plastics. Suffice it to say in its endeavor to combat food-borne bacteria S. T. O. P. has had many successes as they focus on advocacy, victim support, outreach, and safe food education. For more than fifteen years they already had worked with both national and local media, responsive food industry trade groups and firms, government agencies such as the Congress, USDA, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Health and Human Services (HHS), and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Through various television segments such as S. T. O. P. in the News, numerous newsletters, teleseminars and podcasts, press releases, media kits, special events and reports, speaking engagements, and online educational resources, the organization had brought about a drastic change in the eating lifestyle of Americans. Thus, the government should be supporting such agencies that clearly promote safety on its constituents.

Martha Cottam’s Introduction to Political Psychology: Analysis Essay

Opinion Paper In Introduction to Political Psychology, Martha Cottam uses scientific methodology and procedures to unravel the mental reasoning behind social and domestic public policies. As we have journeyed through the first weeks of Govt 319, we have experienced the themes in Cottam in our day-to-day group exercises, class activities and lectures. In particular, we have studied the imposing influence of authoritarian rule on personalities. In â€Å"the Wave† we saw a group of high school students empowered through fascism/authoritarian rule, mobilized by a larger ideal, take power. In the Stanford Prison Experiment we saw how authoritarian power corrupts, how even the most innocent of people can be driven to do horrendous acts. Lastly, the â€Å"Shipwreck exercise† we examined the complexities of group dynamics and roles, how an authority figures can persuade individuals from otherwise logical choices, but also examines how individuals keen to compromise in groups. In each of these activities we experience, the pages of Cottam and the psychological complexities of politics relevantly in play. See more: how to start a paragraph In â€Å"the Wave† teacher Rainer Wenger is able to mobilize his students into a small authoritarian regime. â€Å"Herr Wenger† himself loses sight of reality and becomes obsessed with his absolute power over the students. Throughout the movie we see the students adopt fascist authoritarian behaviors and procedures. Ironically while there are no more social insecurities between the members of â€Å"the Wave† united by their label, however they neglect those not within the group. Moreover, while the students argued in the beginning that Germany could never undergo another fascist government, they themselves unconsciously evolve into a fascist regime by the end of the movie. Themes in the movie appear regularly in Cottam, using Altemeyer as reference: â€Å"Psychologically, right wing authoritarianism is submission to perceived authorities, particularly those in the establishment or established system of governance† (Altemeyer, 1996). The students believed so much in the power and leadership of Herr Wenger that they became submissive to the teacher, as he was the living form of an ideal. This too relating back to fascist governments, where people felt submissive and inferior to the power of the central figure. In the â€Å"Stanford Prison Experiment† we saw how seemingly regular college students can be turned into brutal, pitiless individuals, when given authoritarian power. Tasked with the role of prison guard, the students treated their peers rather ruthlessly. In this, they tortured their fellow classmates, much without regard for the mental well being of the inmate. The experiment may be compared to fascist Nazism’s in which, people were paid and tasked with the responsibility to kill millions in what we know now as the Holocaust, to them it was simply work. Commentating on these personality traits Cottam explains: â€Å"Groups demand loyalty, compliance, and obedience and those psychological factors can override even strongly held values: for example, perpetrators of genocide in the Holocaust who explained their behavior in terms of obedience to the norms in the group (e.g., â€Å"I did it because I was ordered to do so)† (Cottam 10). While in the interviews the students spoke with great shame, they did not hold back while in the experiment. It became so that torturing the inmates became amusing, and the guards lost all sympathy in the inmates. This sympathy was ever present in the Holocaust, where so many stood by and simply did as they were told, not consciously being bothered by the acts they were committing. In â€Å"the shipwreck exercise† we studied group dynamics using the scenario of a shipwreck. In this the group must rank a series of possibly useful equipment, without argument and tension. We saw how people shied away from confrontation from the authority figure, opting to simply go with the group. Using Altemeyer Cottam explains: â€Å"Those high in right-wing authoritarianism have greater difficulty than low scorers in engaging in critical thinking. They are more likely to agree with a statement of fact without examining it critically† (Altemeyer 1996). While there were authoritarian figures within the group, those who were confident in their belief of the equipments rank, there was also a desire to care for each other and sacrifice. Citing the Authoritarian Personality Study Cottam talks about these dynamics: â€Å"But social identity goes beyond group dynamics. People are influenced by groups, but are also personally driven to support groups to which they are strongly attachà ©. They make sacrafices that are sometimes extraordinary, for the sake of the group† (Aderno et al 50). In many cases we as a group felt the need to compromise, in order to satisfy the congeniality of the group. This I feel is an ever relevant considering that while there is a natural authoritarian desire, to have things go your way, it is furthermore natural to be kind, and sympathetic to others. In each of these activities we saw how authoritarian rule can manipulate the most regular of people into committing the worst of crimes. In both â€Å"the Stanford prison experiment† and â€Å"the Wave† we saw the abuse of power; on the contrary in the shipwreck exercise we saw how groups were also keen on sympathy and compromise. In this I believe that it natural to be sympathetic  towards all groups, though when a strong authoritarian figure is present it is also easy to be manipulated. Bibliography Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D., & Sanford, P. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Cottam, M. (2010). Introduction to Political Psychology. NewYork: Psychology Press.

William Goldings Running Theme

William Goldings Running Theme Free Online Research Papers Goldings Themes Outline Thesis: A running theme in William Goldings works is that man is savage at heart, always ultimately reverting back to an evil and primitive nature. I. The fall of man A. Lord of the Flies B. The Inheritors C. Free Fall D. Pincher Martin II. Golding as a theologian A. Lord of the Flies B. The Inheritors C. Pincher Martin III. Mans fear A. Lord of the Flies B. The Inheritors C. Pincher Martin IV. The island ________________________________________ Goldings Themes A running theme in William Goldings works is that man is savage at heart, always ultimately reverting back to an evil and primitive nature. The cycle of mans rise to power, or righteousness, and his inevitable fall from grace is an important point that Golding proves again and again in many of his works, often comparing man with characters from the Bible to give a more vivid picture of his descent. Golding symbolizes this fall in different manners, ranging from the illustration of the mentality of actual primitive man to the reflections of a corrupt seaman in purgatory. William Goldings first book, Lord of the Flies, is the story of a group of boys of different backgrounds who are marooned on an unknown island when their plane crashes. As the boys try to organize and formulate a plan to get rescued, they begin to separate and as a result of the dissension a band of savage tribal hunters is formed. Eventually the stranded boys in Lord of the Flies almost entirely shake off civilized behavior: (Riley 1: 119). When the confusion finally leads to a manhunt [for Ralph], the reader realizes that despite the strong sense of British character and civility that has been instilled in the youth throughout their lives, the boys have backpedaled and shown the underlying savage side existent in all humans. Golding senses that institutions and order imposed from without are temporary, but mans irrationality and urge for destruction are enduring (Riley 1: 119). The novel shows the reader how easy it is to revert back to the evil nature inherent in man. If a group of well-conditioned school boys can ultimately wind up committing various extreme travesties, one can imagine what adults, leaders of society, are capable of doing under the pressures of trying to maintain world relations. Lord of the Fliess apprehension of evil is such that it touches the nerve of contemporary horror as no english novel of its time has done; it takes us, through symbolism, into a world of active, proliferating evil which is seen, one feels, as the natural condition of man and which is bound to remind the reader of the vilest manifestations of Nazi regression (Riley 1: 120). Goldings primary goal in writing Lord of the Flies is to create a readable story that people can relate to that conveys the message that man always reverts back to his savage nature. When he wrote the novel, he was striving to move behind the conventional matter of the contemporary novel to a view of what man, or pre-man, is like when the facade of civilized behavior falls away (Riley 1: 119). The Inheritors is Goldings second book. The death of the leader of a small group of simple-minded Neanderthals reduces their number to seven and the people find themselves tossed into a world with few pictures. The people think in terms of pictures; they have not yet learned to think rational thoughts. Golding labeled the characters with such names as Fa, Lok, and Ha to emphasize the simplicity of the society. When a new tribe of more advanced people discover the Neanderthals, they see them as devils and try to kill them. However, the Neanderthals are too naive to realize the motives of the new people, and they are only confused when their members begin to disappear. In the end, all of the Neanderthals are dead except for one, and the new people are the inheritors of the earth. It is ironic that the more advanced people are considered to be ore advanced. The innocents are peaceful and the new people are aggressive; they have regressed to a more savage state than even the savages. The new people are our ancestors because their behavior matches that of the school boys in Lord of the Flies (Baker 19). The boys in Lord of the Flies hunted each other because they were separated by the conflict caused by different views on the existence of a monster; the new people in The Inheritors hunted the Neanderthals because they were monsters, or devils. Golding implies that the long course of evolution has brought no fundamental change in human nature. We are today essentially what we were in the past (Baker 19). In the Inheritors, man evolved backwards a step in terms of his savagery. Golding is making the statement that with each cycle of human evolution, the evil nature of man becomes more and more apparent. though we have inherited the earth, we remain hunters and rit ualists, using our weapons and incantations with the same seriousness and blind conceit that possessed the first of our kind (Baker 19). Both Lord of the flies and The Inheritors pit two tribes against one another to demonstrate that man is not a rational creature in control of his own destiny (Baker 19). At the conclusion of The Inheritors, one of the tribal leaders of the new men is rationalizing the murder of the innocents just as the boys in Lord of the Flies rationalize their manhunt as just a game (Baker 24). This is another example of Goldings integration of the darkness of mans heart into his novels. None of the characters take responsibility for their wrongdoings. The last scene in The Inheritors is of the inheritors sailing away on a huge lake. A vast isolated lake on which a few lost souls are sailing aimlessly provides a vivid image of the lonely, directionless state of man. This is the symbol Golding chose to use to illustrate the hopelessness and emptiness of mans hear t. The one Neanderthal that remained living after the ordeal in The Inheritors was a newborn child. One of the women in the new tribe adopted the child as her own because she had lost a child on their journey. This action is demonstrative of the hypocrisy of which the inheritors are guilty. They killed the simple savages because they were monsters, and yet they toss this devil into their society to make up for the loss of a single life. This is another example of the human selfishness which Golding so loathed and strove to point out in his works. Goldings third novel, Free Fall, deals with the fall of man in terms of patterns. The novel is about Sammy Mountjoy, an artist who flounders with the origins of his loneliness and unhappiness. Sammy is somewhat of a contemptible man; he badly exploits his lover and toys with the minds of the people around him. He lived a peaceful childhood, but like Golding, felt isolated at times. Mountjoy looks back on his adolescent years and tries to make the connection between his serene youth and his stormy adulthood. There is no connection between the uncommitted boy and the self-concious fallen man (Baker 60). Golding believes that life is natural and patternless and that it remains so until men intervene and press their patterns upon it. Mans mistake is that he fails to realize this patternlessness and invariably goes arrogantly about his life without any idea of his transgression. golding said in an interview by Owen Webster that learning to live fearlessly with the natural chaos of existen ce, without forcing artificial patterns on it is the basic problem of man (Baker 56). The very title of the novel Free Fall even suggests the fall of man. Pincher Martin is Goldings first actual exploration of the after-life of a fallen man. In the novel, Lieutenant Christopher Hadley Martin, of the Royal Navy, is on the verge of killing a fellow officer while in the North Atlantic on convoy duty during World War II when a torpedo fired by the opposition strikes his ship. Martin is thrown overboard and is apparently marooned on a rock jutting out of the ocean. He remains there for seven days reflecting on his life and is finally washed off of the rock in a storm. It is at this point that he seems to die. At the end of the novel, it becomes evident to the reader that Martin has not actually been marooned on the rock for seven days, but that that was actually a hallucination of his soul. There are two basic theories as to what actually happened. In the first, Martin experiences a flashback and his life flashes before his eyes. The second theory is that his soul is in purgatory before he realizes that he is no longer alive. In any event, his body ceased to live instantly after he was thrown from the ship. Christopher Martin was, indeed, a pincher, and Golding nicknamed the man accordingly. Martin pilfered things from other people and while he was in purgatory (that is the more popular theory among critics), he was relieved of these items, at least in spirit. He was a corrupt man and this is multiplied by the fact that just before he was killed, he was plotting and attempting to carry out the murder of one of his peers. Had Golding chosen to dash a clergyman with an immaculate soul to death on the rocks, the illustration of mans malevolent roots would not have been nearly as vivid. The priest would perhaps have seen the times in his life that he had thought ill things towards others, among other trifling sins, but the image is not quite as clear as the one of a man who cheats people, is covetous, and is an overall unrepentant sinner. Golding created a character with whom many readers can identify, although on a ower level, and this is how he makes the point in Pincher Martin that man i s ultimately evil. Frank Kermode stated in an interview with Golding that the struggle on the rock is of mythical proportion in that Martin, an arch-sinner, represents fallen man' (Baker 37). In reply, Golding said that Martin is very much fallen Hes fallen more than most. In fact, I went out of my way to damn Pincher as much as I could by making him the nastiest type I could think of, and I was very interested to see how critics all over the place said, Well yes, we are like that' (Baker 37). Pincher Martin brought his suffering and damnation upon himself because he refused to admit that there was a power above him. Christopher Martins soul tries to survive on its own terms, and it pays for this conceit by perpetuating the misery it knew in life (Baker 45). This arrogance is another of the personality flaws in humans that inhibits their true rise to righteousness. Mankind tends to think we are at the top of the food chain and we are the most evolved species, therefore we have to answer to no one, and Golding proves this attitude wrong by making Christopher Martin answer to himself. In his first three books, Lord of the Flies, Pincher Martin, and Free Fall, Golding employed traditional form and contributed to the impression that he was a deeply traditional thinker (Baker xvi). Many critics thought of Golding as an old-fashioned Christian moralist while others felt that he was an existentialist (Baker xvii). Goldings reputation as a staunch Christian* is supported by his inclusion of Christian symbols and motifs in his works. In Lord of the Flies, Simon is a peaceful lad who tries to show the boys that there is no monster on the island except the fears that the boys have. Simon tries to state the truth: there is a beast, but its only us' (Baker 11). When he makes this revelation, he is ridiculed. This is an uncanny parallel to the misunderstanding that Christ had to deal with throughout his life. Later in the story, the savage hunters are chasing a pig. Once they kill the game, they erect its head on a stick and Simon experiences an epiphany in which he sees the perennial fall which is the central reality of our history: the defeat of reason and the release of madness in souls wounded by fear (Baker 12). As Simon rushes to the campfire to tell the boys of his discovery, he is hit in the side with a spear, his prophecy rejected and the word he wished to spread ignored. Simon falls to the ground dead and is described as beautiful and pure. The description of his death, the manner in which he died, and the c ause for which he died are remarkably similar to the circumstances of Christs life and ultimate demise. The major inconsistency is that Christ died on the cross, while Simon was speared. However, a reader familiar with the Bible recalls that Christ was stabbed in the side with a a spear before his crucifixion. In The Inheritors, the child that remains living after the rest of the Neanderthals are dead is hesitantly adopted into the Homo Sapien society despite the fact that it is an outcast. It is different, pure, and is not readily accepted by the new people. This rejection of something different symbolizes the rejection that Christ faced daily. The fact that the child was brought into the society despite its differences is representative of the attitudes of people who did accept Christ. The murders of the primitive men in The Inheritors symbolizes the end of an era. The time of innocence has ended at the hands of a devious, evil people. The Homo Sapiens assumed that the Neanderthals were evil without first carefully observing them to discover what their true nature was. The first fearful reaction of the new people was to kill the outcasts because they were different. Jesus Christ walked the Earth as a different type of man. His holiness was a threat to the scribes and Pharisees and so they had him killed without first carefully observing what his true nature was. Golding, a historian, was aware of this when he wrote The Inheritors and he included the parallel not only to indicate to readers mans general lack of ability to accept others, but to trace this shortcoming back to mans roots. In Pincher Martin, Martin was stranded on the island (or in purgatory) for a period of seven days. Over this time, he considered the elements of which he was composed. The duration of seven days as well as the reflection of Martins evil origins parallel the Biblical portrayal of the creation of man. Golding parallels stories from the Bible, particularly the persecution and crucifixion of Christ, to compare humans to a more Godly man. The comparison and the ultimate dethroning of the Christ-figure, or the failure by man, in the Biblical situation shows the vile state of the human race as perceived by Golding. Many of William Goldings works discuss, in some context, mans capacity for fear and cowardice. In Lord of the Flies, the boys on the island first encounter a natural fear of being stranded on an uncharted island without the counsel of adults. Once the boys begin to organize and begin to feel more adult-like themselves, the fear of monsters takes over. It is understandable that boys ranging in ages from toddlers to young teenagers would have fears of monsters, especially when it is taken into consideration that the children are stranded on the island. Golding wishes to show, however, that fear is an emotion that is instinctive and active in humans from the very beginnings of their lives. This revelation uncovers another weakness in man, supporting Goldings belief that man is pathetic and savage at the very core of his existence. Throughout the novel, there is a struggle for power between two groups. This struggle illustrates mans fear of losing control, which is another example of his selfishness and weakness. The fear of monsters is natural; the fear of losing power is inherited. Golding uses these vices to prove the point that any type of uncontrolled fear contributes to mans instability and will ultimately lead to his [mans] demise spiritually and perhaps even physically. The primary fear that Golding discusses in The Inheritors is the fear of monsters. The new people viewed the Neanderthals as devils and killed them accordingly. The inheritors reaction to their terror was not thought out; the message that Golding wishes to convey is that fear often leads man to hasty and often unwise decisions. Humans cannot control their fear, and this supports Goldings idea that man is not in control of his own destiny, as he would like to believe. Christopher Martin, in Pincher Martin, was afraid of a higher power. There were no monsters for him to fear and losing his power is not a concern he holds; he is secure in his position as a lieutenant in the Navy. He does, however, refuse to admit that a controlling power greater than himself exists. A refusal to admit something is often indicative of fear. For example, alcoholics frequently deny their drinking problems because they are afraid of the consequences. The same is true of Pincher Martin and his theory that he is in control of his life. A defamation such as the one Martin would face if he admitted that he was not almighty would be degrading to him, and the inferiority complex that could result is not a pleasant thought to him. Golding wishes to expose the evils of arrogance and self-centeredness. If one feels that he has no higher power to answer to, his principles will sink lower and lower. Martin cheated people throughout his life and eventually wound up plotting to kill a man. Golding incorporates into his his work many islands. The island is an important symbol in all of Goldings works. It suggests the isolation of man in a frightening and mysterious cosmos, and the futility of his attempt to create an ordered preserve for himself in an otherwise patternless world (Baker 26). The island in Lord of the Flies is the actual island; it is not simply an island, though. It is a microcosm of life itself, the adult world, and the human struggle with his own loneliness. In The Inheritors, the island is more metaphorical. The fact that the original tribe of people are the last of the Neanderthals isolates them. The primitives are unable to link their metaphorical island with its respective mainland because they lack the common physical and mental characteristics that the new people possess. Christopher Martins soul (and apparently for a little while, at least, his body) is abandoned on the protruding rock in the ocean. This separates him from the physical adn spiri tual worlds so that his sparates him from the physical adn spiritual worlds so that his soul can process his situation and torment itself in privacy. Left alone on the island of the self, man discovers the reality of his own dark heart, and what he discovers is too abominable for him to endure. At the highest pitch of terror he makes the only gesture he can make a raw, instinctive appeal for help, for rescue (Baker 67). William Goldings popular theme that man is, and always has been, essentially evil by nature is apparent in many of his works. Man grows more savage at heart as he evolves because of his cowardice and his quest for power. Golding proves this by throwing together opposing forces (whether the forces be two tribes of conflicting boys or the inner conflict of a condemned man) into a situation that dowses them with power struggles and frightening situations. By comparing mankind in general to Biblical characters in similar scenarios, Golding provides images of the darker side of man. This darker side of mans nature inevitably wins and man is proven to be a pathetic race that refuses to accept responsibility for its shortcomings. ________________________________________ * It has been brought to my attention that Golding was apparently not Christian, but was Jewish. I havent looked further into this yet, but I recommend that you do so, so that you do not write a false statement in a paper, as I apparently did. _____________________________________ Baker, James R. William Golding, A Critical Study. New York: St. Martins Press, 1965. Golding, William. Free Fall. London: Faber and Faber, 1959. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. New York: Harcourt, 1962. Golding, William. The Inheritors. New York: Harcourt, 1962. Riley, Carolyn, ed. Vol. 1 of Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1973. ________________________________________ Upon looking back at this paper a year after writing it, Im almost ashamed to have put out a work so shabby and incomplete, but Im publishing it nonetheless, with the hopes that it will benefit someone. Feel free to use anything you deem applicable to your endeavors, but please dont steal my work. Research Papers on William Golding's Running ThemeThe Hockey GameWhere Wild and West MeetThe Spring and AutumnComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Modern soil stabilization methods in condition of a dense urban Research Paper

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