Free Essays on Jakob The Rich

Jacob Fugger â€Å"The Rich† During the Renaissance there were numerous advances, new thoughts, and different things that made a timeframe in which we despite everything concentrate significantly today. One of the contributing variables of the Renaissance was the shipper and agent fields. There were many families that were amazingly fruitful in their callings of exchanging and financing. One of the best families was the Fugger group of Germany. The Fugger family were one of the most conspicuous commercial of the Renaissance. They aced their rivals in such feilds as exchanging flavors, fleece dress, gems, and silk. They likewise made a big deal about their cash in loaning accounts to notable individuals and charging a high financing cost so as to benefit however much as could reasonably be expected. Anyway the greatest of their income was their close to restraining infrastructure in the silver, copper and mercury mines. The privately-owned company was begun by Hans Fugger who kicked the bucket in 1409. He was onl y a fleece weaver with a major dream. The family was situated in Augsburb, Germany and extended their business all through Renaissance Europe. The most significant of the Fugger family was Jacob Fugger the second, or otherwise called Jacob the Rich. Jacob the Rich was one of the most diligent men I have ever found out about. He did as such McDonald 2 much for his family name. While such a large amount of the preparation was in progress on building the privately-owned company more grounded, Jacob was a youngster and he was to turn into a cleric. Not long after Jacob had taken his first requests to turn into a cleric in quite a while family solicited him to do one from the hardest things anybody can ask of their kindred relatives. They inquired as to whether Jacob could desert his fantasy about being a minister and help regulate and extend the Fugger business. He was sent to Venice to get familiar with the qualities of a decent shipper and businessman. This penance would be perpetually recalled by the family since now Jacob requested that each accessible family d... Free Essays on Jakob The Rich Free Essays on Jakob The Rich Jacob Fugger â€Å"The Rich† During the Renaissance there were numerous advances, new thoughts, and different things that made a timespan in which we despite everything concentrate incredibly today. One of the contributing variables of the Renaissance was the trader and agent fields. There were many families that were very effective in their callings of exchanging and financing. One of the best families was the Fugger group of Germany. The Fugger family were one of the most conspicuous trade of the Renaissance. They aced their rivals in such feilds as exchanging flavors, fleece dress, adornments, and silk. They likewise made a big deal about their cash in loaning accounts to notable individuals and charging a high financing cost so as to benefit however much as could reasonably be expected. Anyway the greatest of their income was their close to restraining infrastructure in the silver, copper and mercury mines. The privately-run company was begun by Hans Fugger who passed on in 1409. He was only a fleece weaver with a major dream. The family was situated in Augsburb, Germany and extended their business all through Renaissance Europe. The most significant of the Fugger family was Jacob Fugger the second, or also called Jacob the Rich. Jacob the Rich was one of the most diligent men I have ever found out about. He did as such McDonald 2 much for his family name. While such a large amount of the preparation was in progress on building the privately-owned company more grounded, Jacob was a youngster and he was to turn into a minister. Not long after Jacob had taken his first requests to turn into a cleric in quite a while family solicited him to do one from the hardest things anybody can ask of their kindred relatives. They inquired as to whether Jacob could forsake his fantasy about being a minister and help direct and grow the Fugger business. He was sent to Venice to gain proficiency with the qualities of a decent trader and specialist. This penance would be everlastingly recollected by the family since now Jacob requested that each accessible family d...

Instance Variables in Ruby

Occurrence Variables in Ruby Example factors start with an at sign () and can be referenced distinctly inside class techniques. They vary from neighborhood factors in that they dont exist inside a specific extension. Rather, a comparative variable table is put away for each occasion of a class. Occurrence factors live inside a class occasion, so as long as that case remains alive, so will the case factors. Occurrence factors can be referenced in any strategy for that class. All strategies for a class utilize a similar occurrence variable table, rather than neighborhood factors where every technique will have an alternate variable table. It is conceivable to get to example factors without first characterizing them, be that as it may. This won't raise a special case, however the factors worth will be nil and an admonition will be given if youve run Ruby with the - w switch. This model exhibits the utilization of occasion factors. Note that the kit n kaboodle contains the - w switch, which will print admonitions should they happen. Likewise, note the off base use outside of a strategy in the class scope. This is wrong and talked about beneath. #!/usr/canister/env ruby - wclass TestClass # Incorrect! test monkey def instate esteem 1337 end def print_value # OK puts esteem end def uninitialized # Technically OK, creates cautioning puts monkey endendt TestClass.newt.print_valuet.uninitialized For what reason is the test variable off base? This has to do with extension and how Ruby actualizes things. Inside a strategy, the occasion variable extension alludes to the specific example of that class. Be that as it may, in the class scope (inside the class, however outside of any techniques), the extension is the class occasion scope. Ruby executes the class chain of importance by starting up Class objects, so there is a second case impacting everything here. The principal example is an occurrence of the class, and this is the place test will go. The subsequent example is the launch of TestClass, and this is the place worth will go. This gets somewhat confounding, however simply make sure to never utilize instance_variables outside of strategies. On the off chance that you need class-wide capacity, use class_variables, which can be utilized anyplace in the class scope (inside or outside of techniques) and will carry on the equivalent. Accessors You typically can't get to occurrence factors from outside of an article. For example, in the above model, you can't just call t.value or t.value to get to the occurrence variable worth. This would disrupt the norms of embodiment. This additionally applies to occurrences of kid classes, they can't get to case factors having a place with the parent class despite the fact that theyre actually a similar kind. Along these lines, so as to give access to occurrence factors, accessor strategies must be proclaimed. The accompanying model exhibits how accessor strategies can be composed. In any case, note that Ruby gives an alternate way and that this model just exists to give you how the accessor strategies work. Its for the most part not regular to see accessor techniques written along these lines except if an extra rationale is required for the accessor. #!/usr/container/env rubyclass Student def initialize(name,age) name, age name, age end # Name peruser, expect name cannot change def name end # Age peruser and author def age end def age(age) age endendalice Student.new(Alice, 17)# Its Alices birthdayalice.age 1puts Happy birthday #{alice.name}, youre now #{alice.age} years old! The alternate ways make things somewhat simpler and increasingly reduced. There are three of these partner strategies. They should be run in the class scope (inside the class yet outside of any strategies), and will progressively characterize techniques much like the strategies characterized in the above model. Theres no enchantment going on here, and they look like language catchphrases, however they truly are simply powerfully characterizing techniques. Likewise, these accessors ordinarily go at the highest point of the class. That gives the peruser a moment outline of which part factors will be accessible outside the class or to kid classes. There are three of these accessor techniques. They each take a rundown of images portraying the occurrence factors to be gotten to. attr_reader - Define peruser strategies, for example, the name strategy in the above example.attr_writer - Define author techniques, for example, the age strategy in the above example.attr_accessor - Define both peruser and essayist techniques. #!/usr/canister/env rubyclass Student attr_reader :name attr_accessor :age def initialize(name,age) name, age name, age endendalice Student.new(Alice, 17)# Its Alices birthdayalice.age 1puts Happy birthday #{alice.name}, youre now #{alice.age} years old! When to utilize Instance Variables Since you realize what occasion factors are, when do you use them? Case factors ought to be utilized when they speak to the condition of the article. An understudies name and age, their evaluations, and so forth. They shouldnt be utilized for brief stockpiling, that is the thing that neighborhood factors are for. In any case, they might be utilized for transitory capacity between strategy calls for multi-stage calculations. Be that as it may if youre doing this, you might need to reevaluate your technique organization and make these factors into strategy parameters.

Milgrams Experiments and the Perils of Obedience

Milgrams Experiments and the Perils of Obedience History and Biographies Print Milgrams Experiments and the Perils of Obedience By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 16, 2019 Milgrams original shock box displayed at the Ontario Science Centre. Isabelle Adam (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) via Flickr More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming If an authority figure ordered you to deliver a 400-volt electrical shock to another person, would you follow orders? Most people would answer with an adamant no. However, the Milgram obedience experiment aimed to prove otherwise. During the 1960s, Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of obedience experiments that led to some surprising results. These results offer a compelling and disturbing look at the power of authority and obedience. More recent investigations cast doubt on some of the implications of Milgrams findings and even question the results and procedures themselves. Despite its problems, the study has, without question, significantly impacted psychology. What Were the Milgram Experiments? The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act. - Stanley Milgram, 1974 Milgram started his experiments in 1961, shortly after the trial of the World War II criminal Adolph Eichmann had begun. Eichmann’s defense that he was merely following instructions when he ordered the deaths of millions of Jews roused Milgram’s interest. In his 1974 book Obedience to Authority, Milgram posed the question, Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices? An Experiment of Shocking Proportions The participants in the most famous variation of the Milgram experiment were 40 men recruited using newspaper ads. In exchange for their participation, each person was paid $4.50. Milgram developed an intimidating shock generator, with shock levels starting at 30 volts and increasing in 15-volt increments all the way up to 450 volts. The many switches were labeled with terms including slight shock, moderate shock and danger: severe shock. The final two switches were labeled simply with an ominous XXX. Each participant took the role of a teacher who would then deliver a shock to the student whenever an incorrect answer was given. While the participant believed that he was delivering real shocks to the student, the “student” was a confederate in the experiment who was simply pretending to be shocked. As the experiment progressed, the participant would hear the learner plead to be released or even complain about a heart condition. Once they reached the 300-volt level, the learner would bang on the wall and demand to be released. Beyond this point, the learner became completely silent and refused to answer any more questions. The experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this silence as an incorrect response and deliver a further shock. Most participants asked the experimenter whether they should continue. The experimenter issued a series of commands to prod the participant along: Please continue.The experiment requires that you continue.It is absolutely essential that you continue.You have no other choice; you must go on. Did the Majority Deliver the Maximum Shock? The measure of obedience was the level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver. How far do you think most participants were willing to go? When Milgram posed this question to a group of Yale University students, it was predicted that no more than 3 out of 100 participants would deliver the maximum shock. In reality, 65 percent of the participants in Milgram’s study delivered the maximum shocks. Of the 40 participants in the study, 26 delivered the maximum shocks while 14 stopped before reaching the highest levels. It is important to note that many of the subjects became extremely agitated, distraught, and angry at the experimenter, but they continued to follow orders all the way to the end. Due to concerns about the amount of anxiety experienced by many of the participants, everyone was debriefed at the end of the experiment. The researchers explained the procedures and the use of deception. However, many critics of the study have argued that many of the participants were still confused about the exact nature of the experiment. Milgram later surveyed the participants and found that 84 percent were glad to have participated while only 1 percent regretted their involvement. The Moral Questions Milgram Raised While Milgram’s research raised serious ethical questions about the use of human subjects in psychology experiments, his results have also been consistently replicated in further experiments. Thomas Blass (1999) reviewed further research on obedience and found that Milgram’s findings hold true in other experiments. Why did so many of the participants in this experiment perform a seemingly sadistic act when instructed by an authority figure? According to Milgram, there are some situational factors that can explain such high levels of obedience: The physical presence of an authority figure dramatically increased compliance.The fact that Yale (a trusted and authoritative academic institution) sponsored the study led many participants to believe that the experiment must be safe.The selection of teacher and learner status seemed random.Participants assumed that the experimenter was a competent expert.The shocks were said to be painful, not dangerous. Later experiments conducted by Milgram indicated that the presence of rebellious peers dramatically reduced obedience levels. When other people refused to go along with the experimenters orders, 36 out of 40 participants refused to deliver the maximum shocks. Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process. Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority, Milgram explained in Obedience to Authority. Milgram’s experiment has become a classic in psychology, demonstrating the dangers of obedience. The research suggests that situational variables have a stronger sway than personality factors in determining obedience. However, other psychologists argue that both external and internal factors heavily influence obedience, such as personal beliefs and overall temperament. Researchers Replicate Milgram: Would People Still Obey? In 2009, researchers conducted a study designed to replicate Milgrams classic obedience experiment. In an article published in the APS Observer, psychologist Jerry Burger of Santa Clara University and author of the study described how relevant Milgrams study is today: The haunting black-and-white images of ordinary citizens delivering what appear to be dangerous, if not deadly, electric shocks and the implications of the findings for atrocities like the Holocaust and Abu Ghraib are not easily dismissed. Yet because Milgrams procedures are clearly out-of-bounds by todays ethical standards, many questions about the research have gone unanswered. Chief among these is one that inevitably surfaces when I present Milgrams findings to students: Would people still act that way today? Burger made several alterations to Milgrams experiment. The maximum shock level was 150-volts as opposed to the original 450-volts.Participants were also carefully screened to eliminate those who might experience adverse reactions to the experiment. The results of the new experiment revealed that participants obeyed at the same rate that they did when Milgram conducted his original study more than 40 years ago. The January 2009 issue of American Psychologist also contained discussion from other psychologists about the possible comparisons between Milgrams experiment and Burgers study. According to Arthur G. Miller, Ph.D. of Miami University, ...there are simply too many differences between this study and the earlier obedience research to permit conceptually precise and useful comparisons. However, Alan C. Elms, Ph.D., of the University of California, Davis argued that the replication still had merit. Elms pointed out that while direct comparisons of absolute levels of obedience cannot be made between the 150-volt maximum of Burgers research design and Milgrams 450-volt maximum, Burgers obedience lite procedures can be used to explore further some of the situational variables studied by Milgram as well as to look at additional variables, such as situational and personality differences. Recent Criticisms and New Findings Psychologist Gina Perry suggests that much of what we think we know about Milgrams famous experiments is only part of the story. While researching an article on the topic, she stumbled across hundreds of audiotapes found in Yale archives that documented numerous variations of Milgrams shock experiments. Were Subjects Coerced? While Milgrams reports of his process report methodical and uniform procedures, the audiotapes reveal something different. During the experimental sessions, the experimenters often went off-script and coerced the subjects into continuing the shocks. The slavish obedience to authority we have come to associate with Milgram’s experiments comes to sound much more like bullying and coercion when you listen to these recordings, Perry suggested in an article for Discover Magazine. Few Participants Were Really Debriefed Milgrams experiments have long been the source of considerable criticism and controversy. From the get-go, the ethics of his experiments were highly dubious. Participants were subjected to significant psychological and emotional distress. Milgram suggested that the subjects were de-hoaxed after the experiments. However, Perrys findings revealed that of the 700 or so people who took part in different variations of his studies between 1961 and 1962, very few were truly debriefed. A true debriefing would have involved explaining that the shocks werent real and that the other person was not injured. Instead, Milgrams sessions were mainly focused on calming the subjects down before sending them on their way. Many left in a state of considerable distress. While the truth was revealed to some months or even years later, many were simply never told a thing. Variations Led to Differing Results Another problem is that the version of the study presented by Milgram and the one thats most often retold does not tell the whole story. The statistic that 65 percent of people obeyed orders applied only to one variation of the experiment, in which 26 out of 40 subjects obeyed. In other variations, far fewer people were willing to follow the experimenters orders and in some versions of the study, not a single participant obeyed. Did They Know the Learner Was Faking? Perry even tracked down some of the people who took part in the experiments as well as Milgrams research assistants. What she discovered is that many of his subjects had deduced what Milgrams intent was and knew that the learner was merely pretending. Such findings cast Milgrams results in a new light. It suggests that not only did Milgram intentionally engage in some hefty misdirection to obtain the results he wanted but that many of his participants were simply playing along. Perry later explained to NPR that retracing the steps of Milgrams research upended her attitudes and beliefs about one of the most famous and controversial figures in psychology. I regarded Stanley Milgram as a misunderstood genius whod been penalized in some ways for revealing something troubling and profound about human nature, she told NPR. By the end of my research, I actually had quite a very different view of the man and the research. Obedience Depends on a Few Critical Factors More recent work by researchers suggests that while people do tend to obey authority figures, the process is not necessarily as cut-and-dry as Milgram depicted it. In a 2012 essay published in PLoS Biology, psychologists Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher suggested the degree to which people are willing to obey the questionable orders of an authority figure depends largely on two key factors: How much the individual agrees with the ordersHow much they identify with the person giving the orders While it is clear that people are often far more susceptible to influence, persuasion, and obedience than they would often like to be, they are far from mindless machines just taking orders.   Why Is Milgrams Study Still So Powerful? So why does Milgrams experiment maintain such a powerful hold on our imaginations, even decades after the fact? Perry believes that despite all its ethical issues and the problem of never truly being able to replicate Milgrams procedures, the study has taken on the role of what she calls a powerful parable. Milgrams work might not hold the answers to what makes people obey or even the degree to which they truly obey. It has, however, inspired other researchers to explore what makes people follow orders and, perhaps more importantly, what leads them to question authority.

Ibm Essay examples - 3834 Words

I. Current Situation (1991-1993) 1. History of IBM: IBM is a multinational corporation that started its activities in 1911. But its origins can be traced back to 1890, during the height of the Industrial Revolution. It was first known as the Computing-Recording Company, and then in 1924, it took the name of International Business Machines. Nowadays, this multinational company is known as the  ¡Ã‚ §Big Blue ¡Ã‚ ¨ 2. Mission statement IBM main activity is to find solutions to its wide range of clients using advanced information technology. Its clients are individual users, specialized businesses, and institutions such as government, science, defense, and spatial and educational organizations. To meet and respond to its customers needs, IBM†¦show more content†¦7. 1991-1993 CEO Akers undertook a major overhaul of IBM: he believed the problem was high centralization, so he followed a decentralizing strategy that would greatly reduce employee levels. Layoffs were as follows: 1991 20,000, 1992 20,000. Although a $3 billion charge was made against 4th quarter earnings, IBM expected savings of $1 billion in 1992, followed by $2 billion in later years. Restructuring objectives: a- Accelerate product deliveries. b- To avoid or minimize costly delays and disruptions IBM would have to completely separate its units into distinct independent divisions with greater control over development strategies, including financial independence. IBM HQ would become a holding company with 6 autonomous divisions reporting to senior vice presidents. Divisions are to present annual plans to executive committee, set goals for return on investment, share in profits, issue stocks in some cases. Each individual unit to report its results separately thus allowing managers to gain responsibility for controlling costs and developing competitive product marketing strategies. Emphasis to be placed on return on invested capital. Executive pay to be tied to unit profits c- Encourage 3d party relationships d- Reduce staff. e- Reduce product prices to match competitor prices. For example, IBMs lap top model costs about $2,500Show MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Ibm And Ibm971 Words   |  4 PagesANALYSIS OF IBM 2 IBM future plans 3 Reason why I want to work there 3 Bibliography 4 INTRODUCTION:- IBM stands for international Business Machines known as a world’s biggest information technology company with the profit of 88 billion dollars in 2000 and they are maintaining their position in market from past 50 years. They produce software and hardware for business servers, application software storage products and microchips. IBM is earningRead MoreIBM10585 Words   |  43 PagesHISTORY International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an information technology company that uses their expertise to provide customer solutions. The company operates primarily in a single industry using several different segments that create value by offering a variety of solutions that include, technologies, systems, products, services, software, and financing (10-K report). The company s major operations compromise three hardware product segments. These segments are: technology, personalRead MoreThe History of IBM Essay976 Words   |  4 Pages International Business Machines Corporation, better known as IBM, is a corporation that is and always has been based completely around information handling. From their first scales, to the super computers of today, almost all of IBM’s products have been designed and developed to record, process, communicate, store, or retrieve information. IBM has been a leading developer and innovator from the late 19th century up to today. IBM was officially incorporated in New York City on June 6, 1911 asRead MoreIbm Decades of Transformation914 Words   |  4 Pagesfinanced commercial project ever†. 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For the world leader in an industry that expected to keep growing spectacularly, the future looked promising. But all was not well within IBM, and its senior executives realized it. â€Å"In 1990, we wereRead MoreIbm on Demand Business3280 Words   |  14 Pages12:BochyÅ„ska Monika 69136 SzymaÅ„ski Konrad 69135Zarzycki MichaÅ‚ 69134 | Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Business history 3 3. IBM 4 4. Problem identification 6 5. Analysis 8 6. Personal conclusions and lessons learned 10 7. Recommendations 11 8. IBM nowadays 12 9. Bibliography 13 10. Group elements evaluation 13 1. Introduction IBM, the biggest IT company in the world, from more than 80 years is the lider in supporting the innovation in business. The company offers complexRead MoreIbm Business Report8044 Words   |  33 PagesReport on the IBM Corporation Dear Dr. Law, Enclosed is our business research report about IBM Corporation. This report was written as a group project for the class Marketing 3495. In this report, reader may find some of the information about IBM interesting such as: how the company started? What is IBM marketing strategy? Etc. Through this research, we’ve learned a great deal about IBM Corporation. We are all inclined towards looking at future job opportunities offered by IBM. Thank youRead MoreEnvironmental Leadership of IBM Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesFactor: Environmental Leadership of IBM IBM has not only succeeded in maintaining its competition in providing software, computer technology and systems integrators, but IBM also successfully managing its resource such as energy, water, and material, including waste product, thus offering environmentally friendly products and services which have been recognized by various parties and has received many awards (IBM Environment Report, 2012). IBM success is always related to the leadership style of

The Possible Effects of Post Traumatic Stress Essay

The Possible Effects of Post Traumatic Stress Post traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can develop at any age, including in childhood. Symptoms typically begin within 3 months of a traumatic event, although occasionally they do not begin until years later. Once PTSD occurs, the severity and duration of the illness varies. Some people recover within 6 months, while others suffer much longer. Both the general public and public service†¦show more content†¦PTSD usually falls into three categories. These are; Intrusion, Avoidance and Hyperarousal. Intrusion involves the memories of the trauma reoccurring unexpectedly in the person. This will include flashbacks and will happen in sudden, vivid memories that are accompanied by painful emotions. It is common that the person suffering from intrusion will sometimes be so strong that they believe they are almost re experiencing the trauma again and seeing it unfold in their nightmares. A person suffering from avoidance will affect their relationship with others, including family members, partners and close friends etc. The person will feel numb at first and will have diminished emotions and can only complete routine, mechanical activities. The person will try to avoid situations or activities that are reminders of the original traumatic event because such exposure may cause symptoms to worsen. The final category is hy perarousal and this will cause the person to act as though they are constantly threatened by the trauma that caused their illness. The person may have difficulty in concentrating or remembering current information and can become suddenly irritable or explosive, even when not provoked. Finally, many people with PTSD also attempt to rid themselves of their painful re-experiences, loneliness, and panic attacks by abusing alcohol or other drugs as a self medicationShow MoreRelatedThe Consequences of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder1621 Words   |  6 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a medical condition that many people suffer from at different ages. Most of the people that have suffered from PTSD have done so due to a major trauma that occurred at some point in their life. Even though the trauma could have happened months or even years earlier, the symptoms can come back when an event or the anniversary of the trauma triggers the memory of the traumatic event. Some of the traumas that cause post-traumatic stress disorder are rapeRead MoreEssay On Ptsd1510 Words   |  7 Pages The Use of Cannabis as a Potential Treatment For Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Versus Currently Available Treatments HLTH 237: Introduction to the Study of Alcohol and Drug Problems - Assignment #2 Renpei Chen | 10141208 Queen’s University Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that can happen to anyone. About 7 or 8 of every 100 people will experience PTSD at some point in their lives and examples of people who are at an elevated risk are war veterans and assault victimsRead MoreHolden Caulfield Is On His Own Psychological Journey1450 Words   |  6 Pagesare triggered by the traumatic event of his brother, Allie, dying 4 years prior. The death of Allie has affected Holden in all aspects of his life, including friends, school, actions, and thoughts. This causes concern in Holden’s parents. They are concerned with his health and well-being, therefore send Holden to a rehab center. His parents fear that Holden may have Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder, and have him psychoanalyzed. So, Holden struggles with post-traumatic stress disorder because he showsRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder On A Family1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on a Fami ly The symptoms of Post-traumatic stress can vary from patient from patient. Most common symptoms are flashbacks, hyper arousal and avoidance. The first article is â€Å"Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Their Families: A Randomized Clinical Trial.† In this article the researchers put together a random wait list control trial. 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How do you think those people cope with what they saw when the Twin Towers went down? How do people cope with such traumatic experiences? The events that lead to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can impact one’s life, fortunately there are ways to treat itRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder1630 Words   |  7 PagesRefugees are now accessing mental health services for the treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) defined by DSM-IV-TR is â€Å"characterised by the re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event accompanied by symptoms of increased arousal and by avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma† (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000). There are many impacts and effects this disorder has on refugees requiring treatment, in terventions, education

Motivation/Reward System Free Essays

Essay 1: Motivation/Reward System by Blake P. Rodabaugh EDD 9100 CRN 35455 Leadership Seminar Nova Southeastern University January 15, 2012 Essay 1: Motivation/Reward System Employee motivation seems to be at the core of what defines leadership or more importantly a leader. The success or failure of an organization is dependent upon the ability of those in leadership positions and roles to motivate and inspire the members of the organization to high levels of performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation/Reward System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leaders that are effective have the ability to increase the level of job engagement and organizational commitment on the part of employees. Particularly in the field of education, highly qualified and motivated faculty members are critical to the economic and academic success of the organization. Without them the organization at best stumbles along at a mediocre level and at worst fails (Siddique Khan, 2011). There are two types of rewards when dealing with motivational factors of staff, extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic motivation is that which comes from outside of the individual such as money, promotion, coercion, grades, or the fear of punitive action. Intrinsic motivation is that which comes from within the individual through a feeling of enjoyment, pleasure, or interest in the task at hand. In investigating the type of reward system to be implemented whether extrinsic or intrinsic it becomes apparent that neither is the answer in itself. As with many aspects of leadership there appears to be no one style that works best all the times but rather is situational as to need. Extrinsic reward has been connected strongly with the encouragement of innovative behavior on the part of employees. This however needs to be taken on in moderation as there is a tendency for excessive motivation of an extrinsic nature to actually depress innovative behavior through the erosion of self motivation. Intrinsic motivation through the application of empowerment, development of human capital, recognition of accomplishment, learning and training support has shown to have a strong impact upon the level of employee innovation. When the two approaches are combined in a situation where extrinsic motivation is added to the aforementioned types of intrinsic motivation, the positive effects are amplified. The intrinsic aspects prevent the over-erosion effects often produced by extrinsic motivation. Thus, as with so much of leadership a combination of approaches is stronger than a single approach (Zhou, Zhang, Montoro-Sanchez, 2011). A study designed to investigate the motivational factors that were of the greatest importance to faculty members in higher education found that there was a desire for a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Results demonstrated that while employee compensation and the overall benefits package were of significant importance to faculty members there was an expressed need for non-monetary rewards as well. Key were concepts of empowerment, positive and supportive work environment, recognition, training, involvement in the decision making process, and a sense of value from the organization. Crucial to the successful implementation of this is clear and open communication between faculty and those participating in all roles of supervision (Rasheed, Aslam, Sarwar, 2010). An additional view of the concept of motivation is through the application of equity theory. Through this lens motivation of individuals is dependent upon how they view their ratio of outcomes to inputs in comparison to their perception of the outcomes and inputs of their peers in the workplace. This then serves as the basis for the individual to judge whether or not they are being treated fairly in the workplace. They may perceive a situation of either under or over reward, with those workers perceiving an under-reward taking action to restore perceived equity. Typically this action resolves into either a reduction of effort on the part of the employee or a request for greater rewards. Typically, the end result of this being that, if the employee is unable to achieve a perception of equity through either a reduction of input or an increase in rewards, they will eventually change employment (Skiba Rosenberg, 2011). Professor Edgar Schein of MIT’s Sloan School of Management emphasizes a need for behavioral change to take place at all levels of an organization if it is to be successful in the creation of a strong organizational culture. According to Professor Schein it is important to have more than an empowering process in place. Organizations need to have everyone at all levels of the organization actively working together to establish behaviors that lead to an environment in which equal partnerships and mutually helping relationships are the order of business (Kleiner vonPost, 2011). A Brazilian study of nine administrative units, composed of three factories, two bank branches, a university, and a municipal office focused on the impact of wages upon motivation and employee job satisfaction. The results of this study were in opposition to several others in that the administrative offices with the lowest wages displayed the greatest amount of employee job satisfaction and overall motivation due to intrinsic factors present in the work environment. In opposition to this the offices with the highest wages showed the lowest level of overall satisfaction and motivation. In total there were 458 respondents of which 252 were male and 206 female. In all instances of this study correlations were apparent with respect to perceptions of satisfaction and motivation in connection with leadership’s attitude towards staff in areas other than extrinsic (Pinto, 2011). Analysis of the Writer’s Workplace At the writer’s place of employment there really does not exist any real system of positive motivation and rewards beyond that expressed in the contract signed at the beginning of employment. Some might equate it to a system which utilizes a carrot and a stick except that there is no carrot. Overall leadership and organizational culture is reflective of leadership neglect with the occasional out lashing of reactionary and punitive actions on the part of senior administration towards staff. The culture is one that reinforces a perception that unless you are among the chosen ones, the inner circle, that the best you can do is to hole up in your classroom and not draw attention to yourself. Senior administration sees itself as enlightened and visionary. Staff sees it overall as untrustworthy, arbitrary, reactionary, and punitive. The next step down from the most senior of administrators is seen overall as clueless, out of touch and somewhat delusional in a benign way. Middle level administration and leadership is viewed as having their heart in the right place but with very little power or influence to shape things in a more positive direction. Overall the motivation and rewards system is dysfunctional at best, unless you happen to be one of the chosen ones. What is needed is a system wide change similar to that proposed by Professor Schein in which observation, inquiry, and leverage are applied. This would entail observation of the manner in which employees at all levels of the organization behave, inquiring or deducing the manner in which they think or believe, and then applying the leverage. The leverage in this instance is small incremental behavioral changes that lead the organization as a whole to think and act differently. The impact and role of management in this process is critical as the various subcultures within an organization exist within all levels and facets of the organization including the various levels of leadership (Kleiner vonPost, 2011). References Kleiner, A. , vonPost, R. (2011, January 19). A corporate climate of mutual help. Strategy Business. Retrieved January 21, 2012 from http://www. strategybusiness. com/article/11102? pg=alltid=27782251 Pinto, E. P. (2011). The influence of wage on motivation and satisfaction. The International Business Economics Research Journal, 10(9), 81-91. Rasheed, M. I. , Aslam, H. D. , Sarwar, S. (2010). Motivational issues for teachers in higher education: A critical case of IUB. Journal of Management Research, 2(2), 1-23. Siddique, A. , Khan, M. (2011). Impact of academic leadership on facultys motivation, and organizational effectiveness in higher education system. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(8), 184-191. Skiba, M. , Rosenberg, S. (2011). The disutility of equity theory in contemporary management practice. The Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 17(2), 1-19,97-98. Zhou, Y. , Zhang, Y. , Montoro-Sanchez, A. (2011). Utilitarianism or romanticism: The effect of rewards on employees innovative behaviour. International Journal of Manpower, 32(1), 81-98. doi:10. 1108/01437721111121242 How to cite Motivation/Reward System, Essay examples

Social Media and Interpersonal Relationships

The social media has become popular with the number of the social networks increasing drastically. The developers of the social networks like Face book, MySpace, and Twitter, among others, have been competing so as to offer excellent features.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media and Interpersonal Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This can be categorised in terms of privacy, interaction, socialization as well as entertainment. Through the use of wide range of communication platform, the sites can be accessed from laptops, mobile phones, iPhones, and iPads. This has made it easy for people to interact freely anytime given that they have internet connections. The social media has made it easy for people to communicate without need for face to face interactions. However, the concern has been whether social media is eradicating the essence of interpersonal relationship. Interpersonal relationship s involve the association between people for a long period, where the association is based emotional feelings, social commitments as well as regular interactions. The relationships can occur in different situations, such as friends, clubs, acquaintances, family, workplaces, and churches among others. The difference between the two is that interpersonal relations are determined and regulated by society, law and customs that are shared. Social media has both the negative and positive impacts to individuals’ relationships that affect daily activities. The social media has both negative and positive impacts on relationships. However, the social media is expected to have more positive than negative impacts because of lowered constraints of traditional communication (Anderson, 1). This has made it possible for people to connect more rapidly with more zeal and zest. According to Jain (1) the social media enables people connect easily with many other people from different parts of li fe far more than the people we meet in the street. This is true because people share what they have in common and they make a relation out of it. However, this is degrading the traditional ways in which relationships were initiated and accomplished. But the social media has that ability of bringing people from different social and cultural backgrounds more easily than the traditional mode of communication. Therefore, social media can help one meet many friends than they could ever meet in their life thus enriching their relationships. Introverts have the chance of strengthening their relations through the social media. Relations in the workplace can be strengthened through the social media and it has been made easy for employees to exchange ideas (Conlin and MacMillan 1). Through the social media brands can be enriched through the wider range of friends and followers. However, it also ruins the relationships in the workplace and reduces productivity. This is because a lot of time is spent and hate and hatred can be spread over through social networks.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a negative way, social media is ruining some of the relationships based on the comments made by other people. For instance, intimate relationships can ruined because of some post like in face book or twitter. Meraji (1) note that some posts made on face book or tweets made can lead to resentment that generates hate and hatred. This can ruin closer relationship because of some comments made on your wall. Some forgotten relationships can no longer be forgotten and escaped if one is using the social media. This is because it has become a platform where everybody meets and friends of friends are on it. Social media can be detrimental to relationships because of the negativity it may arouse. For example, negative or moody response can affect the real time relationships. Soc ial media and the internet are robbing off people the time that can be used in a more constructive and intimate face to face communication (Anderson 2). This is because most of the friends in the social media use fake names, give wrong information about themselves, and even create the aspect of intolerance and impatient. This harms the real relations more and it is happening in the real world. The communication that creates the feeling of remorse when wrong is done, is not present in the social media relationships. Social media interactions can now strengthen far away relationships. This is because the people can easily communicate and according to Anderson (2) geographical distance is no longer a hindrance to relationship. This has made some of the relations blossom It can be concluded that social media has both positive and negative effects on relationships. The mode in which they are necessitated consumes a lot of people time that could have been applied in a more face to face co mmunication. This has endangered the traditional mode of communication and can be detrimental to relationships. However, it has made it possible to enhance the communication and keep long distanced relationships in check. It has also made it easy for people to interact more easily and one can make friends online rapidly than it can occur in real life. Contrary, the social media can break relationships and create aspects like intolerance and impatient. It is believed that social media would be having more positive impacts on relationships as time goes on. Works Cited Anderson, Jenna. Q. â€Å"The Future of Social Relations†. Pew Research Center’s Internet American Life Project, 2 Jul. 2010. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media and Interpersonal Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conlin, Michelle and Douglas, MacMillan. Web 2.0: Managing Corporate Reputations. 20 May. 2009. Web. Jain, Rachana. 4 Ways Social Media is Changing Your Relationships. 30 Jun, 2010. Web. Meraji, Shereen. In The Age Of Social Media, Can You Escape Your Ex? 5 Jan. 2010. Web. This essay on Social Media and Interpersonal Relationships was written and submitted by user Giana Greene to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Important Dangers of Ordering a Fake High School Diploma

Important Dangers of Ordering a Fake High School Diploma SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Fake high school diplomas are definitely out there. Whether you're thinking about purchasing one or doing your utmost to avoid ending up with just such a phony document, pause a moment and read this article. We'll cover reasons why a person might get a fake diploma, whether it's legal to get one, and how to make sure any document you obtain is the real deal, not a fake. Why Do People Get Fake High School Diplomas? There are a few reasons a person might look into getting a fake diploma. Some reasons are perfectly innocent, and some are more devious. However, even the supposedly innocent reasons have a somewhat fishy feeling to them- it seems very odd, for instance, that someone would invest a few hundred dollars in a very realistic-looking replica diploma intended only as a practical joke prop. Dishonest Reasons Dishonest reasons include submitting a fake high school diploma to convince a school or potential employer that you have credentials you never earned. This is the primary reason you'd need such an exactly convincing version of of diploma. It's hard to imagine why you would need to dupe people so entirely unless you honestly wanted them to believe that the document was official. Practical Reasons Many sites offering fake diplomas point out that high school diplomas are relatively likely to get lost and relatively difficult to replace. (If you're in this boat, read our guide to replacing a missing diploma.) The idea is, then, that a substitute might be a nice thing to have and to hand down to future generations. There's some logic to this argument, and yet it seems odd to hand down a fake diploma; I struggle to understand why future generations would be so attached to a stand-in document in place of simply knowing the true story of how Grandpa Bill lost his diploma from such-and-such a high school. Just-for-Fun Reasons There are all sorts of practical jokes a person could play with a fake diploma- not to mention straight-up teasing. One online figure mentioned getting a fake diploma for his dog. The question, then, becomes why you would need a document of such high (deceptive) quality; does Fido really need a seal produced with the precise embossing style that colleges use? I say no. He's sad because his diploma isn't 100% realistic. What Can You Do With a Fake High School Diploma? High school diplomas serve as a way to prove to the world that you completed your high school education with passing grades. Most of the time, you're trying to satisfy a college or an employer about your educational background; schools and businesses want to know that you have the level of education they require of their students or employees. This is where we circle back to the dishonest reasons for getting a fake diploma listed above; with a phony document, a person may be able to garner an acceptance to a college or business that would not otherwise have been offered. The story typically doesn't conclude with a happy ending, though, as we will see in the following section. What Can Happen If You Get a Fake Diploma? For one thing, it's extremely likely that you'll be discovered. In most cases, a simple phone call from the college or business to the school from which you allegedly graduated is enough to undermine your plans. Plus, organizations like schools and background check companies keep tabs on illegitimate diploma operations, updating their databases frequently. Discovery means loss of any position you may have gained with the aid of your fake diploma- at best. It can mean prosecution and conviction at worst. Are Fake Diplomas Legal or Illegal? Fake diplomas occupy a legal gray area. Laws are not stringent on this particular issue, and the exact strictness of laws varies somewhat by state. The actual production or ownership of a fake diploma is apparently not illegal if it's not technically a forgery of an actual document (for example, a replica of a Harvard diploma). Using a fake diploma to gain goods or a position you would otherwise not have access to is considered fraud, however, and can be legally prosecuted. Plus, if you're performing services you're not qualified to perform under the cover of your fake diploma, that's a big legal problem- especially if anyone suffers harm as a result. GUILTY. How to Get a Legitimate High School Diploma First and foremost, getting a high school diploma requires time and work. There's no way to get a valid diploma without completing a number of graduation requirements. There are several options for students wishing to put in the necessary work to get a high school diploma. You can, of course, attend a traditional high school. Your local school district is always a great place to start exploring that option. There's also night school, which usually intended for students who need to make up a few credits, not those wishing to start and finish their high school careers there. There are alternative high schools, too, which are structurally like your average high school but have their totally non-traditional methods. There's also the online option. Online high schools are becoming more popular these days; they basically entail getting curriculum from an online source and turning assignments in remotely. Typically, there are lectures or discussions to attend via chat or video conference. In some cases, you may want to think about the GED, which is primarily intended for students no longer enrolled in high school who have not earned their high school diplomas, though there are other circumstances where the GED might make the best sense. You can learn more about the GED and how to get a GED online through other articles on our blog. Don't you mostly just want to wear that funny hat, though? How to Make Sure the Diploma You're Getting Is Real If you're thinking of buying a diploma online, you're most likely more interested in the online mode of schooling, so these tips will focus primarily on identifying legitimate online institutions. Traits of a Legitimate Online High School Online high schools need accreditation, unless they happen to be run by a specific school district or through the state. This is a hugely important quality to check up on; accreditation is absolutely essential. You can check with your state's department of education or attorney general to see if an online program is accredited or otherwise approved. Also check out our own article explaining accredited online programs. While reviews are not 100% reliable, do check what reviewers have to say. Also, look up the online program you're considering with the Better Business Bureau. A legitimate online high school should have reasonable reviews; not everyone may be in love with the school, but if there are a lot of accusations of illegitimacy, it's something to be concerned about. Call a well-respected college and see if they would accept a diploma from the program you're looking at. If they would, that's a good sign you're on the right path; if they wouldn't, keep searching. Warning Signs of a Fake Online High School Fake online schools often charge a flat fee for a degree program, rather than charging by class or credit. Fake online schools frequently charge for the diploma itself, in addition to or instead of classes. Fake online schools may entail little or no coursework and promise little to no interaction with teachers. Some promise degrees based solely off of life experience with no classes required. Fake online schools may promise you a degree in a very short amount of time- months, weeks, or just days. The address (not just the mailing address, but the actual address of the school) may be shown as a P.O. Box rather than a physical location. The name of the school may be a knock-off of a legitimate institution. Also, some schools will maintain a cheap-looking website full of typos as well as a well-groomed and professional website, just so that you'll assume the well-groomed website must be legitimate. Look at this beautiful website! How could it possibly be unreliable? Conclusion The moral of the story here is that fake high school diplomas are, overall, not good things. They may be technically legal in some cases, and some people use them for innocent reasons, but mostly they're fraudulent and put to fraudulent use. There are ways to make sure that any program you're enrolling in is the real deal, so make sure you do your homework. Don't get stuck with a fake high school diploma: it's not worth it. What's Next? Are you wondering whether online high school is right for you? Before you make any commitments, read our articles on the pros and cons of that set-up and whether or not you need a high school diploma in the first place. If you do decide to go with an online high school, read about how to make sure you're getting the best experience possible. Another thing to consider is whether you might want to get your GED. Find out what this means and why you might want one in our article on that very credential. We also cover how to take the GED online and the best GED practice tests here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Peace of Mind and A Piece of Ones Mind

Peace of Mind and A Piece of Ones Mind Peace of Mind and A Piece of Ones Mind Peace of Mind and A Piece of Ones Mind By Maeve Maddox Two idioms that sound similar and are often played with for punning effect are peace of mind and to give someone a piece of ones mind. peace: Freedom from anxiety, disturbance (emotional, mental, or spiritual), or inner conflict; calm, tranquillity. The expression peace of mind belongs to a category of phrases that place the feeling of peace within a specific organ or faculty: peace of heart peace of soul peace of conscience One might seek peace of mind through prayer or meditation. Self-help books, religions, and various philosophies promise it: Nine Ways to Find Peace of Mind The peace of mind Jesus offers is not of this world Islam teaches that in order to achieve true peace of mind†¦ one must submit I †¦found great peace of mind in doing what Hinduism exhorts me to do Then theres the expression to give someone a piece of ones mind. It means to chide, to tell someone off, to tell someone how the cow ate the cabbage, to tell someone exactly what you think, in no uncertain terms: When she saw the lipstick stain on his collar, she gave him a piece of her mind. The third time the wheel fell off, he gave the mechanic a piece of his mind. As with so many other common expressions, peace of mind is often altered for commercial purposes or efforts at punning. I understand calling an opinion blog Piece of Mind. I suppose Iron Maiden had a reason for calling an album Piece of Mind. And a book store called Piece of Mind makes a kind of sense. Why youd name a tobacco brand Piece of Mind escapes me. And to call a program for sufferers of Alzheimers Disease strikes me as a bit tasteless: The Piece  of Mind program engages individuals in the early to middle-stages of Alzheimers through interactive tours and art-making experiences. Then there is the out and out unintended substitution of piece for peace, as in this headline at EzineArticles: Buying A Personal Safe For Piece Of Mind And Security and in this book review of I, Rhoda Manning, Go Hunting with My Daddy Other Stories: Gilchrists short stories are indeed therapeutic. They tell real stories about real people searching-for love, for happiness, for piece of mind†¦ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowWhat Is a Doctor?

The Human Side of Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Human Side of Organisations - Essay Example These targets were specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time bound. Following the future development targets was an extensive action plan that would help in achieving these targets. 1) Evidence 1.1 Self-Analysis A critical analysis of the personality inventory test taken for the purpose of this assignment made me understand my personality type along with my strengths and weaknesses. According to test results, my personality type is ENTJ which stands for extraverted, intuitive, thinking and judging. Further consideration of these results made me understand that I am capable of looking at a broader picture underlying a situation instead of its specifics (Sharp, 1987). Furthermore, I thrive in situations that allow more cognitive application and social interaction. Research performed to understand my test results indicated that this personality type is known as extraverted thinking (Furnham, Moutafi, and Paltiel, 2005). I like to socialize in practically every situation from academics to family life and community events, intuition acts as my major strength while handling any task or situation at hand. As a result my responses are usually robust; contain holistic view of the situation. Although some of the decisions are made unconsciously however my past experiences provide me with expertise and self-awareness act as a ground for such decisions. Further analysis with the help of course literature provided during the semester about intuition indicated that my intuitive intelligence is an amalgam of creative, social and expert intuition. As a result the decisions made are based on assessment of feelings of people involved in the decisions, my own experiences and understanding along with gut feelings leading to creative ideas. 1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses In the light of the analysis performed above, I was able to identify my personal strengths and weaknesses. Being an extrovert and intuitive persona, I am able to identify other people’s emotions and also read between the lines. Where I have undertaken quite a few projects in leadership roles, these traits helped me in interacting well with my team by understanding their personal emotional needs. My second strength can be effective time management. Since I perform judgment and thorough thinking about tasks before taking them and plan them well after they are assigned to me, therefore I try to keep a track of my performance through effective time management, prioritization and utilization of resources play a key role in this area. My third strength can be strategic thinking. Before making a decision, I try to analyze the situations, possible causes behind the problem and identify most appropriate solutions that will have long term positive results rather than short term success. Along with these strengths, I have several weaknesses which sometimes hinder my efficiency and effectiveness in certain situations. My first weakness can be difficulty in keeping balance between differen t tasks. Although I like multitasking, however it gets difficult to prioritize them and give them due share of time. I plan my tasks before time and keep a track of their

The UK manufacturing sector has declined significantly over the last Essay

The UK manufacturing sector has declined significantly over the last 40 years - Essay Example This structural change had created disturbances in the labour market as jobs had to be redistributed from declining to growing sectors leading to significant shifts in the design of industrial specialisation at both the national and regional level (Robson 2006). Changing patterns of domestic demand—Pattern of domestic demand saw changes due to economic development. With the maturity of the economy the consumer demand changed from goods to services. Due to increased presence of public sector services, it led to growth of tertiary sector. The shift in UK demand for manufactured goods grew faster than expected, which was hardly relevant for a bigger changeover for the UK industries producing goods. As the pattern of demand is also impacted by changes in the age structure of population, it affected the demographic pattern by 1.68M less people in the age group of 16-24 in 1996 in comparison to 1981. Growth in education, recreation and entertainment sectors suffered due to lack of resources. Statistics show that between 1983-1993, the total actual consumer spending at 1990 prices increased by 33.5% but on recreation, entertainment and education it increased by 55% while on food items it went up only by 11.3% (Lam 2010). Changes in the availability of resources—the availability of resources, as it happened very unexpectedly with oil finding in 1973 and 1979 when OPEC decreased the production of oil, its prices shot upward. It directly affected the substitutes and compliments prices like coal, gas and cars. It affected the production and employment in energy-related industries such as steel industry (Griffith 2003). International competition and globalisation—has been a force affecting the economic structure of the UK. Due to changing consumer tastes, introduction of new products and reducing comparative costs, economic functions got reallocated globally. For example, the UK motor-cycle industry could not meet the standards,

Effect of the Outdoors on Mental Health

Effect of the Outdoors on Mental Health Topic: Mental Health Big Ideas Overview Mental health disorders are known to affect most people at some point in their lives (Government Office of Science London 2008, as cited in Barton 2010). Indeed, rates of depression and other psychological illnesses (e.g. anxiety, etc.) are predicted to increase in the future (Maller et al. 2005, as cited in DFH 2008). Over the past several decades, research has shown that contact with nature aids mental health and restoration. Mental health improvements resulting from exposure to natural environments include increased positive emotions and mood, decreased negative emotions and stress, and increased mental balance, energy, and revitalization. Systematic literature reviews conducted in the past five years continue to show a consistent beneficial relationship between exposure to green, natural environments and mental health. Environmental contexts examined in these studies varied from urban to rural, and compared natural and synthetic environments. Exposure to natural environments might include exercising in natural environments, being within a natural place, or even looking at a view of trees from a window. For example, in a hospital, views of nature are associated with a faster recovery, decreased painkiller use, shorter hospital stays and fewer postoperative complications (Dijkstra 2006). Outdoor space and views at a workplace is associated with decreased stress (Singhal, Paney and Pandy 2013). Regular interaction with nature is connected to lengthened lifespan and decreased risk of mental health illnesses in seniors living in megacities (Takano 2002, as cited in Barton 2010). There is also mixed evidence that exercising outdoors in natural environments could have mental and physical benefits above and beyond exercising indoors. Green exercise for as little as 5 minutes has been shown to improve self-esteem and mood (Barton 2010). There is some evidence that people enjoy exercising outdoors more than indoors, and have a greater intention to repeat the activity, and improvement in social connections (Coon et al 2011). If exercising outdoors is more likely to be maintained in the long term, then motivating people to be active outdoors (e.g. gardening, walking, and biking) could be an important means of staying active. If exposure to outdoor green spaces has immediate positive mental health outcomes, then inaccessibility to such spaces could promote health inequalities. Given the associations between mental health and proximity to green spaces, there is an inherent opportunity for planning and designing both public and private open space. What the Research Says Things for Certain (or semi-Certain) Exposure to green outdoor spaces improves mental health. Examples: Barton and Pretty, 2010: The article concluded that exposure to green has positive health impacts. Coon et. Al, 2011, 1762: â€Å"Experimental research has demonstrated that exposure to views of nature can improve people’s health and wellbeing by providing restoration from stress and mental fatigue,12† Design for Health, 2007, 1: â€Å"A strong research base has continued to demonstrate how direct contact with nature (water, trees, bushes, flowers, and other vegetation, whether cultivated or wild) leads to increased mental health and psychological development.† Lee, A.C.K., R. Maheswaran, 2010, 212: â€Å"Physical and psychological benefits have been linked to green spaces through their purported effects on physical activity.7 †¦It also improves mental functioning, mental health and wellbeing16– 22 and may have long-lasting psychological benefits.23 Benefits on longevity have also been reported.24† Even just a view of nature is beneficial to mental health. Examples: Design for Health, 2007: For example, in a hospital context views of nature are associated with a faster recovery, decreased painkiller use, shorter hospital stays and fewer post-operative complications. Since older persons use hospitals more, views of nature are especially relevant to this population. Dijkstra, 2006: Sunlight and views of nature out the window had positive effects on patients’ mental and physical health. Having a sunny window with a view of nature may have a positive impact on aging patients staying at healthcare facilities. It should be noted that some varied effects happened for patients with dementia or depression. Singhal, Paney and Pandy, 2013: Green space surrounding a work environment reduces stress and benefits mental health. This has been demonstrated consistently in the literature, and anecdotally in this article. Things up in the Air General significance for public health. Example: Bowler, 2012: Overall, the studies are suggestive that natural environments may have direct and positive impacts on well-being, but support the need for investment in further research on this question to understand the general significance for public health. If greater biodiversity in nature increases mental health benefits. Example: Dean, van Dooren and Weinstein, 2011, 878-879: â€Å"Based upon this review, we identified only one original research paper that directly investigated the link between biodiversity per se and mental health allowing the authors to specifically argue that their results ‘indicate that successful management of urban green spaces should emphasize biological complexity to enhance human well-being in addition to biodiversity conservation ([33, p. 390]).† How different user groups, subcultures and types of outdoor environments differ in impact. Example: Design for Health, 2007: â€Å"†¦ more limited knowledge on aspects of nature most relevant, maintenance importance, and different user groups/subcultures. Varied definitions and types of outdoor space make it difficult to compare studies.† Whether there is a causal relationship between green space and mental health. Example: Lee, 2010, 212: â€Å"Most studies reported findings that generally supported the view that green space have a beneficial health effect. Establishing a causal relationship is difficult, as the relationship is complex. Simplistic urban interventions may therefore fail to address the underlying determinants of urban health that are not remediable by landscape redesign.† If exercising outdoors (or with a view of nature) has mental and physical benefits above and beyond exercising indoors. Examples: Coon et al., 2011: found exercising outdoors did have greater mental and physical benefits above and beyond exercising indoors, whereas Lee 2010 found mixed results at best. Implications Standards Mental health benefits can come from very little exposure to natural spaces. Just a glimpse of green will do. Example: Design for Health, 2007, 5: â€Å"Working thresholds for HIA: Provide views of green spaces, with canopy trees, from all buildings. These can be trees at the street level or, for upper-level situations, views to parklands, etc. Tree densities with greater than 22 trees per acre have a positive effect in terms of presence and sense of safety in a population of low-income, public housing residents (Kuo et al., 1998, 45). This is not a very high density of trees.† As little as 5-minutes of activity outside is enough for mental health improvements. Example: Barton and Pretty, 2010: A quantifiable exposure to green was set as a threshold. As a result, greatest changes come from 5 min of activity, and thus suggest these psychological measures are immediately increased by green exercise. Insights Exercising outdoors may be easier to stick to than exercising indoors. Example: Coon et. Al, 2011, 1762: It might be argued that physical activity in health club gyms is a viable alternative to outdoor exercise, but the failure to persevere with indoor exercise initiatives on a long-term basis is well recognized. For example, 40-50% of individuals terminate gym membership within a year of joining.19 Anecdotal evidence suggests that long-term adherence to exercise initiatives conducted in outdoor natural environments or urban green spaces may be superior to that of indoor exercise interventions.20 Urban Chinese migrants have worse mental health than non-migrants. Example: Lin et al., 2011: Rural migrants in China’s cities experience more discrimination and this discrimination is connected to worse mental health. Sources Jo Barton and Jules Pretty, What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving  Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis, Environmental Science and Technology, 2010 May  15;44(10):3947-55. doi: 10.1021/es903183r. Bowler, Diana E., et al. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of  exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health 10.1 (2010): 456. Coon, J. Thompson, K. Boddy, K. Stein, R. Whear, J. Barton, and M.H. Depledge. 2011. â€Å"Does  Participating in Physical Activity in Outdoor Natural Environments Have a Greater Effect on  Physical and Mental Wellbeing than Physical Activity Indoors? A Systematic Review.†Ã‚  Environmental Science and Technology 45:1761-1772. Accessed February 20, 2014. doi: 10.1021/es102947t. Dean, Julie, Kate van Dooren, Philip Weinstein. 2011. â€Å"Does biodiversity improve mental health  in urban settings?† Medical Hypotheses 76: 877-880. Accessed February 20, 2014. doi:  10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.040. Design for Health. 2007. Key Questions: Mental Health. Version 2.0. www.designforhealth.net Dijkstra, Karin, Marcel Pieterse, and Ad Pruyn. 2006. â€Å"Physical environmental stimuli that turn  healthcare facilities into healing environments through psychologically mediated effects:  systematic review.† Journal of Advanced Nursing 56 (2): 166-181. Accessed February 20,  2014. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03990.x Lee, A.C.K., R. Maheswaran. 2010. â€Å"The Health Benefits of Urban Green Space: A Review of the  Evidence.† Journal of Public Health 33(2): 212-222. Accessed February 21, 2014. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdq068. Lin, Danhua, Xiaoming Li, Bo Wang, Yan Hong, Xiaoyi Fang, Xiong Qin, and Bonita Stanton. 2011.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Discrimination, Perceived Social Inequity, and Mental Health Among Rural-to-Urban  Migrants in China.† Community Mental Health Journal 47:171-180. Accessed February 21,  2014. doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9278-4. Singhal, Vijai, Deep Pandey and Pushp Deep Pandey. 2013. â€Å"Workplace Green Space for Health  and Happiness.† Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, Jaipur India.

History of Human Services Essay

It is common for people to expect something in return for helping someone out or providing them with a specific service. It is also very common for people to expect to have to give up something in return for asking for help or specific services. While not everyone believes that those who are in need should be helped, there are opposing positions which feel that reform is a way to retract and counteract the situation the for the person in need. In order to get a better understanding of what is needed in the present time, we must first learn and understand how and why people of the western culture helped others through human services. As provided in The Introduction to Human Services: Policy and Practice, tracing back through history it shows how the western culture went through a difficult route of providing help for people in need. It shows how people in need were provided help from their families and the church or a benevolent feudal lord, later leading to receive help from the government, then eventually receive help from volunteers or trained professionals (Mandell & Schram, 2012). In the United States there are several helpful services which are no longer being made available due to the government’s decisions to strip away the programs or services for those in need and putting much of the burden on the volunteer and charity groups or churches. With the limited amount of resources and services available, these groups and churches are limited on what they can do to help. According to Garrow (2010), â€Å"nonprofit human service organizations located in a munificent environment can pursue multiple funding opportunities such as donations, fees for services, and other revenue-generating activities† (pg 447). There are several factors which have influenced our ability and willingness to help society members. Some people are just willing to help those in need because they have the means and are either empathetic or sympathetic to the needs of others. Many people who have gone through similar instances as those who are in need now are willing to try to help someone because they can feel their pain because they have been through the same tough times. While there are some that ant to help because they can, there are also those who can help but refuse to because of their survival of the fittest mentality because of their victim blaming point of view which sees and blames people for their own misfortune and not a circumstance due to social forces (Mandell & Schram, 2012). Reciprocity is a give and take type of situation. When there is someone receiving goods or services, it is expected that there is some type of benefit received back in return. In western cycles of giving and helping this same principle is put into place. There was once a time where people would help others because they want to or because it makes them feel good for doing so. Now in more modern times people expect a benefit received from the services they provide. Some consider the fact that people are in the situation they are in because of something they have done wrong or incorrectly. Mandell & Schram (2012) provide philosophies which clash with the methods of providing help. These philosophies include: * Deserving vs. Undeserving: This is where victim blamers are as the superior to the victims who need help which are put in discriminatory classification as higher or lower categories and some are considered to be more worthy of receiving benefits and services than others (pg 32). * Means-tested vs. Universal programs: This is where means-tested programs that are available only to the poor, whose assets fall below a certain set eligibility level as oppose to universal programs that provide income supports and social services to both the affluent and the poor (pg 32). Culture of poverty vs. Opportunity theory: This is where a system of self-defeating beliefs passed on from parent to child as oppose to the theory that people are prevented from getting out of poverty because of their lack of social opportunities rather than because of their individual defects (pg 32 & 35). There are four issues within the cycle of helping in the American society which connects to all types of situations and circumstanc es of people. The cycles consist of welfare reform, treatment of mental illness, juvenile justice, and criminal justice. With all of these issues, they prove the influence of human services which are of precedence of the spotlight and should be addressed accordingly. Welfare: * Welfare is considered as Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) and according to Mandell & Schram (2012) welfare provides a good example of the cycles of reform (pg 43). * Since welfare and other safety net programs were cut back, the criminal justice system expanded, causing the United States to have the highest incarceration rate on the planet which is five times the world’s average (pg 43). Mandell & Schram, 2012) Mental Illness: * Mental illness can be diagnosed only by observing. * The imprecision of the diagnosis of schizophrenia, for example, is illustrated by a study done by thirteen psychology researchers where they all presented themselves at the doors of various mental hospitals telling them they heard voices, with the outcome of each being discharged with a diagnosis of schizophrenic on remission. There are an uneven number of people of color in mental hospitals due partly to racial discrimination and partly because an unequal numbers of them are poor. (Mandell & Schram, 2012) Juvenile Justice: * The child-saving movement was the efforts of reformers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to rescue children from unwholesome influences which led to the development of children’s institutions, foster care, and the juvenile court (pg 55). The juvenile court system was based on the belief that children who break the law should not be punished like adults (pg55). * Juvenile reformatories were supposed to protect youngsters humanely from the corrupting influences of adult criminals but youth were found guilty and was assigned to a reformatory without trial and with a minimum of legal protection because legal due process was assumed to be unnecessary since reformatories were intended to reform and not punish (pg 55). Now juveniles have the right to know the charges against them, the right to have their own lawyer, and the right to confront and cross-examine their accuser and witnesses (pg 56). (Mandell & Schram, 2011) Criminal Justice: * The U. S. is the world’s leader in incarceration with 2. 3 million people in the nation’s prisons or jails in 2010 (pg 58). * Even though most of the prisoners are men, the number of mothers in America’s state prison has reached a record high (pg 58). * Many of the mothers who have been sentenced to prison had previously received TANF (pg 58). Another reason for the increase in incarcerations has been the imprisonment of undocumented immigrants (pg59). * Prisoners have to put their lives on hold while prison and in many states cannot vote when they get out (pg59). * Some human service workers work with people who are on probation and parole or in rehabilitation programs in order to check for inaccuracies in their crime records, help children visit their parents to prevent termination of parental rights, or help released prisoners to find jobs (pg 60). Mandell & Schram, 2012) In my opinion I think that we are trying to do as much as we can to help with welfare, juvenile justice, mental illness, and criminal justice. There is only so much that can be done since government only allows so much assistance and resources to those in need. There are fortunately volunteers and charities which provide the much needed assistance and resources for those without asking for any type of payment or reciprocity in return. Just as it is stated by Oftelie (2011), â€Å"human services support our nation’s social fabric, economic competiveness and equity in the American dream. We have the strategies and technologies for increasing capacity and performance† (pg 15). We need to learn to reach out to help others to become better for themselves, their families, and society. While not everyone believes that those who are in need should be helped, there are divergent positions which point out that reform is a way to withdraw from and offset the difficult circumstances for the person in need. Throughout history there has been a list of challenges for changes which can attest for the reform within human services. Through reciprocity and other factors of societal circumstances shape the behavior for helping those in need. Even though there have been many changes in the cycles of helping in the American society, we can always use even more improvements in welfare, mental illness treatment, juvenile justice, and criminal justice systems. It is up to everyone to find a way to contribute to develop new approaches to human services.

Cooperative Learning Sample Lesson

Cooperative learning is a great technique to implement into your curriculum. As you begin to think about and design this strategy to fit into your teaching, consider using the following tips. Present the material first, cooperative learning comes after students are taught.Choose your strategy and explain how it works to the students. For this sample lesson, students will be using the jigsaw strategy.Assess students individually. Although students will work together as a team they will also be working individually to complete a specific task. Here is a cooperative learning sample lesson using the the Jigsaw method. Choosing Groups First, you must choose your cooperative learning groups. An informal group will take about one class period or the equivalent to one lesson plan period. A formal group can last from several days to several weeks. Presenting the Content Students will be asked to read a chapter in their social studies books about the first nations of North America. Afterward, read the childrens book The Very First Americans by Cara Ashrose. This is a story about how the first Americans lived. It shows the students beautiful pictures of art, clothing, and other Native American artifacts. Then, show students a brief video about Native Americans. Teamwork Now its time to divide students into groups and use the jigsaw cooperative learning technique to research the First Americans. Divide students into groups, the number depends on how many subtopics you want the students to research. For this lesson divide students into groups of five students. Each member of the group is given a different assignment. For example, one member will be responsible for researching the First American customs; while another member will be in charge of learning about the culture; another member is responsible for understanding the geography of where they lived; another must research the economics (laws, values); and   the last member is responsible for studying the climate and how the first American got food, etc. Once students have their assignment they can go off on their own to research it by any means necessary. Each member of the jigsaw group will meet with another member from another group that is researching their exact topic.For example, students that researching the First Americans culture would meet regularly to discuss information, and share information on their topic. They are essentially the expert on their particular topic. Once students have completed their research on their topic they return to their original jigsaw cooperative learning group. Then each expert will now teach the rest of their group everything that they learned. For example, the customs expert would teach members about the customs, the geography expert would teach members about the geography, and so on. Each member listens carefully and takes notes on what each expert in their groups discusses. Presentation: Groups can then give a brief presentation to the class on the key features that they learned on their particular topic. Assessment Upon completion, students are given a test on their subtopic as well as on the key features of the other topics that they learned in their jigsaw groups. Students will be tested on the First Americans culture, customs, geography, economics, and climate/food. Looking for more information about cooperative learning? Here is the official definition, group management tips and techniques, and effective learning strategies on how to monitor, assign and manage expectations.

Essay about Personal Statement Goals in Nuclear Engineering

Personal Statement: Interests, Experiences, and Goals in Nuclear Engineering Money and fame do not motivate my goals. Engineering in all forms is a field of innovation and invention. Aspirations of any great engineer should be to introduce to the world a new idea, product, or service that will make people happier and the environment safer. Success in these challenges is a reward greater than any dollar amount or public recognition. Engineers bring societies to new levels of civilization through their advancements in technology and discovery. The challenge to provide people with ever-increasing standards while at the same time feeding the population with ideas of what could be attracts my imagination, intelligence, and curiosity far more†¦show more content†¦The knowledge then expanded in an Advanced Placement Chemistry class. In physics I did a project on nuclear fusion. The paper discussed concepts of nuclear physics never taught to me. I worked hard to grasp the difficult theories, and my grades exhibit dedication to furthering this competence. Mankind has limitless potential. However, we often are first forced to break down old barriers. In the past humans have broken free of gravity and traveled through the skies. Then came the invention of the computer. The idea of millions of calculations performed each minute may have seemed absurd a century ago, but society’s dependence on it today can never be overestimated. The future, I believe, will be an era of power and energy. Nuclear technology can make deep space exploration possible while making daily life on Earth more comfortable and safer. Nuclear power has minimal threats to our natural environment, and nuclear science can detect and cure many diseases. Seeing all the possibilities related to nuclear engineering, I am easily drawn into this field. Nuclear engineering, although highly controversial, is a very safe and reliable source of technology that will improve our lives. I am very enthusiastic to be starting college soon and taking the next step towards my chosen career. I have learned the fundamentals of math and science, and now I want to further my education. Within time I will be given the opportunity to applyShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose as Petroleum Engineer Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Statement As a graduate applicant to the MEng program in Petroleum Engineering, I am writing my ideas, thoughts and the reasons to pursue this program at C. I have come across several fields of petroleum exploration and production during my undergraduate and graduate studies. 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